Your Set-Point & Homeostatic Regulation of Weight: Ability To Eat More, While You Lose More Weight, references:

  1. Adam TC, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Nutrient-stimulated GLP-1 release in normal-weight men and women. Horm Metab Res. 2005 Feb;37(2):111-7. PubMed PMID: 15778929.
  2. Air EL, Strowski MZ, Benoit SC, Conarello SL, Salituro GM, Guan XM, Liu K, Woods SC, Zhang BB. (2002) Small molecule insulin mimetics reduce food intake and body weight and prevent development of obesity. Nat Med 8:179–183.
  3. Allison DB, Heshka S, Neale MC, Lykken DT, Heymsfield SB: A genetic analysis of relative weight among 4,020 twin pairs, with an emphasis on sex effects. Health Psychol 13: 362–365, 1994.
  4. Allison DB, Kaprio J, Korkeila M, Koskenvuo M, Neale MC, Hayakawa K. The heritability of body mass index among an international sample of monozygotic twins reared apart. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996 Jun;20(6):501-6. PubMed PMID: 8782724.
  5. Alvheim AR, Malde MK, Osei-Hyiaman D, Hong Lin Y, Pawlosky RJ, Madsen L, Kristiansen K, Frøyland L, Hibbeln JR. Dietary Linoleic Acid Elevates Endogenous 2-AG and Anandamide and Induces Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012 Oct;20(10):1984-94. doi: 10.1038/oby.2012.38. Epub 2012 Feb 15. PubMed PMID: 22334255; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3458187.
  6. American Heart Association complete guide to women’s heart health: The Go Red for Women way to well-being & vitality. New York: Clarkson Potter, 2009. Print.
  7. AMPK (Minokoshi Y, Alquier T, Furukawa N, Kim YB, Lee A, Xue B, Mu J, Foufelle F, Ferré P, Birnbaum MJ, Stuck BJ, Kahn BB. AMP-kinase regulates food intake by responding to hormonal and nutrient signals in the hypothalamus. Nature. 2004 Apr 1;428(6982):569-74. PubMed PMID: 15058305.)
  8. ANAND BK, DUA S, SHOENBERG K. Hypothalamic control of food intake in cats and monkeys. J Physiol. 1955 Jan 28;127(1):143-52. English, Finnish. PubMed PMID: 14354634; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1365844.
  9. Anderson GH, Moore SE. Dietary proteins in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans. J Nutr 134: 974S–979S, 2004.
  10. Angpt14 – Kim HK, Youn BS, Shin MS, Namkoong C, Park KH, Baik JH, Kim JB, Park JY, Lee KU, Kim YB, Kim MS. Hypothalamic Angptl4/Fiaf is a novel regulator of food intake and body weight. Diabetes. 2010 Nov;59(11):2772-80. Epub 2010 Aug 26. PubMed PMID: 20798332; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2963535.
  11. Arase K, Fisler JS, Shargill NS, York DA, Bray GA. (1988) Intracerebroventricular infusions of 3-OHB and insulin in a rat model of dietary obesity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 255:R974–R981.
  12. Arner P, Eckel R. Adipose Tissue as a Storage Organ In: Bray GA, Couchard d, James WP, eds. Handbook of Obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997: 379-396.
  13. Baskin DG, Blevins JE, Schwartz MW. How the brain regulates food intake and body weight: the role of leptin. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001;14 Suppl 6:1417-29. Review. PubMed PMID: 11837495.
  14. Bensaid A, Tome D, L’Heureux-Bourdon D, Even P, Gietzen D, Morens C, Gaudichon C, Larue-Achagiotis C, Fromentin G. A high-protein diet enhances satiety without conditioned taste aversion in the rat. Physiol Behav 78: 311–320, 2003.
  15. Bernardis LL, Goldman JK. Origin of endocrine-metabolic changes in the weanling rat ventromedial syndrome. J Neurosci Res. 1976;2(2):91-116. PubMed PMID: 950680.
  16. Bessard T, Schutz Y, Jéquier E. Energy expenditure and postprandial thermogenesis in obese women before and after weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr. 1983 Nov;38(5):680-93. PubMed PMID: 6637860.
  17. Bosscher D, Breynaert A, Pieters L, Hermans N. Food-based strategies to modulate the composition of the intestinal microbiota and their associated health effects. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009 Dec;60 Suppl 6:5-11. Review. PubMed PMID: 20224145.
  18. Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Despres JP, Nadeau A, Lupien PJ, Moorjani S, Theriault G, Kim SY: Overfeeding in identical twins: 5-year postoverfeeding results. Metabolism 45: 1042–1050, 1996.
  19. Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Despres JP, Nadeau A, Lupien PJ, Theriault G, Dussault J, Moorjani S, Pinault S, Fournier G: The response to long-term overfeeding in identical twins. N Engl J Med 322: 1477–1482, 1990.
  20. Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Després JP, Thériault G, Nadeau A, Lupien PJ, Moorjani S, Prudhomme D, Fournier G. The response to exercise with constant energy intake in identical twins. Obes Res. 1994 Sep;2(5):400-10. PubMed PMID: 16358397.
  21. Bowen, R.. “Pathophysiology of the Endocrine System.” arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 May 2010. .
  22. Brief DJ, Davis JD. (1984) Reduction of food intake and body weight by chronic intraventricular insulin infusion. Brain Res Bull 12:571–575.
  23. Cabanac M, Duclaux R, Spector NH. Sensory feedback in regulation of body weight: is there a ponderostat? Nature. 1971 Jan 8;229(5280):125-7. PubMed PMID: 4923100.
  24. Cabanac M, Rabe EF. Influence of a monotonous food on body weight regulation in humans. Physiol Behav. 1976 Oct;17(4):675-8. PubMed PMID: 1013218.
  25. Cani PD, Delzenne NM. The role of the gut microbiota in energy metabolism and metabolic disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2009;15(13):1546-58. Review. PubMed PMID: 19442172.
  26. Carroll ME, Meisch RA. (1984) Increased drug-reinforced behavior due to food deprivation. Adv Behav Pharmacol 4:47–88.
  27. Chan JL, Mantzoros CS. Role of leptin in energy-deprivation states: normal human physiology and clinical implications for hypothalamic amenorrhoea and anorexia nervosa. Lancet. 2005 Jul 2-8;366(9479):74-85. Review. PubMed PMID: 15993236.
  28. Chavez M, Kaiyala K, Madden LJ, Schwartz MW, Woods SC. (1995) Intraventricular insulin and the level of maintained body weight in rats. Behav Neurosci 109:528–531.
  29. Chen H, Charlat O, Tartaglia LA, Woolf EA, Weng X, Ellis SJ, Lakey ND, Culpepper J, Moore KJ, Breitbart RE, Duyk GM, Tepper RI, Morgenstern JP: Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor: identification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db/db mice. Cell 84: 491–495, 1996.
  30. Cherhab FF, Mounzih K, Lu R, Lim ME: Early onset of reproductive function in normal female mice treated with leptin. Science 275:88, 1997.
  31. Clement K, Vaisse C, Lahlou N, et al: A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature 392:398, 1998.
  32. COHN C, JOSEPH D. Influence of body weight and body fat on appetite of “normal” lean and obese rats. Yale J Biol Med. 1962 Jun;34:598-607. PubMed PMID: 13880343; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2604224.
  33. Coleman DL, Hummel KP: Effects of parabiosis of normal with genetically diabetic mice. Am J Physiol 217: 1298–1304, 1969.
  34. Collier GR, McMillan JS, Windmill K, Walder K, Tenne-Brown J, de Silva A, Trevaskis J, Jones S, Morton GJ, Lee S, Augert G, Civitarese A, Zimmet PZ. Beacon: a novel gene involved in the regulation of energy balance. Diabetes. 2000 Nov;49(11):1766-71. PubMed PMID: 11078442.
  35. Considine RV, Considine EL, Williams CJ, Nyce MR, Magosin SA, Bauer TL, Rosato EL, Copounderg J, Caro JF. Evidence against either a premature stop codon or the absence of obese gene mRNA in human obesity. J Clin Invest. 1995 Jun;95(6):2986-8. PubMed PMID: 7769141; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC295988.
  36. Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML etc: Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. New Eng J Med 334:292, 1996.
  37. Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Kriauciunas A, Stephens TW, Nyce MR, Ohannesian JP, Marco CC, McKee LJ, Bauer TL, et al. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med. 1996 Feb 1;334(5):292-5. PubMed PMID: 8532024.
  38. Cota D, Proulx K, Smith KA, Kozma SC, Thomas G, Woods SC, Seeley RJ. Hypothalamic mTOR signaling regulates food intake. Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):927-30. PubMed PMID: 16690869.
  39. De Souza CT, Araujo EP, Bordin S, Ashimine R, Zollner RL, Boschero AC, Saad MJ, Velloso LA. Consumption of a fat-rich diet activates a proinflammatory response and induces insulin resistance in the hypothalamus. Endocrinology. 2005 Oct;146(10):4192-9. Epub 2005 Jul 7. PubMed PMID: 16002529.
  40. De Souza CT, Araujo EP, Bordin S, et al. Consumption of a fat-rich diet activates a proinflammatory response and induces insulin resistance in the hypothalamus. Endocrinology 2005;146:4192–4199
  41. DiPatrizio NV, Piomelli D. The thrifty lipids: endocannabinoids and the neural control of energy conservation. Trends Neurosci. 2012 Jul;35(7):403-11. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.04.006. Epub 2012 May 22. Review. PubMed PMID: 22622030.
  42. Dulloo AG, Geissler CA, Horton T, Collins A, Miller DS. Normal caffeine consumption: influence on thermogenesis and daily energy expenditure in lean and postobese human volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989 Jan;49(1):44-50. PubMed PMID:2912010.
  43. E.A. Newsholme and C. Start. Regulation of Metabolism. 173 ISBN: 0471635308
  44. Eckel RH, Barouch WW, Ershow AG 2002 Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Working Group on the pathophysiology of obesity-associated cardiovascular disease. Circulation 105:2923–2928
  45. Eckel RH. Adipose Tissue Lipoprotein Lipase. In: Borensztajn J, edl Lipoprotein Lipase. Chicago: Evener, 1987: 79-132.
  46. El-Haschimi K, Lehnert H 2003 Leptin resistance—or why leptin fails to work in obesity. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 111:2–7
  47. Endocrinol Metab. 2009 May;94(5):1562-9. Epub 2009 Feb 10. PubMed PMID: 19208729; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2684484.
  48. Enriori PJ, Evans AE, Sinnayah P, Jobst EE, Tonelli-Lemos L, Billes SK, Glavas MM, Grayson BE, Perello M, Nillni EA, Grove KL, Cowley MA. Diet-induced obesity causes severe but reversible leptin resistance in arcuate melanocortin neurons. Cell Metab. 2007 Mar;5(3):181-94. PubMed PMID: 17339026.
  49. Everard A, Belzer C, Geurts L, Ouwerkerk JP, Druart C, Bindels LB, Guiot Y, Derrien M, Muccioli GG, Delzenne NM, de Vos WM, Cani PD. Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 May 28;110(22):9066-71. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219451110. Epub 2013 May 13. PubMed PMID: 23671105.
  50. Everard A, Lazarevic V, Derrien M, Girard M, Muccioli GG, Neyrinck AM, Possemiers S, Van Holle A, François P, de Vos WM, Delzenne NM, Schrenzel J, Cani PD. Responses of gut microbiota and glucose and lipid metabolism to prebiotics in genetic obese and diet-induced leptin-resistant mice. Diabetes. 2011 Nov;60(11):2775-86. doi: 10.2337/db11-0227. Epub 2011 Sep 20. Erratum in: Diabetes. 2011 Dec;60(12):3307. Muccioli, Giulio M [corrected to Muccioli, Giulio G]. PubMed PMID: 21933985; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3198091.
  51. Figlewicz DP. Adiposity signals and food reward: expanding the CNS roles of insulin and leptin. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2003 Apr;284(4):R882-92. Review. PubMed PMID: 12626355.
  52. Flier JS. The adipocyte: storage depot or node on the energy information superhighway? Cell. 1995 Jan 13;80(1):15-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 7813011.
  53. Frayn, K. N. Metabolic Regulation: a Human Perspective. London: Portland, 1996. Print.
  54. Frederich RC, Löllmann B, Hamann A, Napolitano-Rosen A, Kahn BB, Lowell BB, Flier JS. Expression of ob mRNA and its encoded protein in rodents. Impact of nutrition and obesity. J Clin Invest. 1995 Sep;96(3):1658-63. PubMed PMID: 7657836; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC185793.
  55. Fried S, Russell C. Diverse Roles of Adipose Tissue in the Regulation of Systemic Metabolism and Energy Balance In: Bray GA, Couchard d, James WP, eds. Handbook of Obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997: 379-396.
  56. Friedman JM, Halaas JL: Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 395:763, 1998.
  57. Friedman JM. A war on obesity, not the obese. Science. 2003 Feb 7;299(5608):856-8. PubMed PMID: 12574619.
  58. Friedman JM. Leptin, leptin receptors, and the control of body weight. Nutr Rev. 1998 Feb;56(2 Pt 2):s38-46; discussion s54-75. Review. PubMed PMID: 9564176.
  59. Friedman JM. Modern science versus the stigma of obesity. Nat Med. 2004 Jun;10(6):563-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 15170194.
  60. From Research to Practice/The Art and Science of Obesity Management: Betsy B. Dokken andTsu-Shuen Tsao the Physiology of Body Weight Regulation: Are We Too Efficient for Our Own Good?Diabetes Spectrum July 2007 20:166-170; doi:10.2337/diaspect.20.3.166
  61. Funahashi T, Shimomura I, Hiraoka H, Arai T, Takahashi M, Nakamura T, Nozaki S, Yamashita S, Takemura K, Tokunaga K, et al. Enhanced expression of rat obese (ob) gene in adipose tissues of ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)-lesioned rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Jun 15;211(2):469-75. PubMed PMID: 7794258.
  62. Ghrelin & mTOR (Jordan SD, Könner AC, Brüning JC. Sensing the fuels: glucose and lipid signaling in the CNS controlling energy homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2010 Oct;67(19):3255-73. Epub 2010 Jun 12. Review. PubMed PMID: 20549539; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2933848.)
  63. Goldberg M, Gordon E. Energy Metabolism In Human Obesity. Plasma Free Fatty Acid, Glucose, And Glycerol Response To Epinephrine. JAMA. 1964 Aug 24;189:616-23. PubMed PMID: 14162576.
  64. Goralski KB, Sinal CJ. Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: getting to the fat of the matter. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007 Jan;85(1):113-32. Review. PubMed PMID: 17487251.
  65. Guo J, Jou W, Gavrilova O, Hall KD. Persistent diet-induced obesity in male C57BL/6 mice resulting from temporary obesigenic diets. PLoS One. 2009;4(4):e5370. Epub 2009 Apr 29. PubMed PMID: 19401758; PubMed Central PMCID:PMC2670508.
  66. Hainer V, Stunkard A, Kunesova M, Parizkova J, Stich V, Allison DB: A twin study of weight loss and metabolic efficiency. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25:533 –537, 2001
  67. Haines H, Hackel Db, Schmidt-Nielsen K. Experimental Diabetes Mellitus Induced By Diet In the Sand Rat. Am J Physiol. 1965 Feb;208:297-300. Pubmed Pmid: 14259964.
  68. Halaas JL, Gajiwala KS, Maffel M, etc: Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science 269:543, 1995.
  69. Hamilton BS, Paglia D, Kwan AY, Deitel M. Increased obese mRNA expression in omental fat cells from massively obese humans. Nat Med. 1995 Sep;1(9):953-6. PubMed PMID: 7585224.
  70. Harrold JA, Williams G. The cannabinoid system: a role in both the homeostatic and hedonic control of eating? Br J Nutr. 2003 Oct;90(4):729-34. Review. PubMed PMID: 13129440.
  71. Hashim SA, Van Itallie TB. Studies in normal and obese subjects with a monitored food dispensing device. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1965 Oct 8;131(1):654-61. PubMed PMID: 5216999.
  72. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, Macera CA, Heath GW, Thompson PD, Bauman A; American College of Sports Medicine; American Heart Association. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007 Aug 28;116(9):1081-93. Epub 2007 Aug 1. PubMed PMID: 17671237.
  73. Havel PJ. Dietary fructose: implications for dysregulation of energy homeostasis and lipid/carbohydrate metabolism. Nutr Rev. 2005 May;63(5):133-57. Review. PubMed PMID: 15971409.
  74. Havel PJ. Peripheral signals conveying metabolic information to the brain: short-term and long-term regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2001 Dec;226(11):963-77. Review. PubMed PMID: 11743131.
  75. Havel PJ. Update on adipocyte hormones: regulation of energy balance and carbohydrate/lipid metabolism. Diabetes. 2004 Feb;53 Suppl 1:S143-51. Review. PubMed PMID: 14749280.
  76. Hervey GR: The effects of lesions in the hypothalamus in parabiotic rats. J Physiol London 145: 336, 1959.
  77. Hetherington AW, Ranson SW: Hypothalamic lesions and adiposity in the rat. Anat Rec78 :149 –172,1940
  78. Hetherington, A. W. and Ranson, S. W. (1942), The relation of various hypothalamic lesions to adiposity in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol., 76: 475–499. doi: 10.1002/cne.900760308
  79. Heymsfield SB, Greenberg AS, Fujioka K, Dixon RM, Kushner R, Hunt T, Lubina JA, Patane J, Self B, Hunt P, McCamish M. Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults: a randomized, controlled, dose-escalation trial. JAMA. 1999 Oct 27;282(16):1568-75. PubMed PMID: 10546697.
  80. Hill JO, Melanson EL, Wyatt HT. Dietary fat intake and regulation of energy balance: implications for obesity. J Nutr. 2000 Feb;130(2S Suppl):284S-288S. Review. PubMed PMID: 10721889.
  81. Hirsch J, Hudgins LC, Leibel RL, Rosenbaum M. Diet composition and energy balance in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Mar;67(3 Suppl):551S-555S. Review. PubMed PMID: 9497169.
  82. Hirsch J. The regulation of food intake. Discussion. Adv Psychosom Med. 1972;7:229-42. PubMed PMID: 4485878.
  83. Hochberg I, Hochberg Z. Expanding the definition of hypothalamic obesity. Obes Rev. 2010 Oct;11(10):709-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00727.x. Review. PubMed PMID: 20233310.
  84. Hochberg I, Hochberg Z. Hypothalamic obesity. Endocr Dev. 2010;17:185-96. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Review. PubMed PMID: 19955767.
  85. Hoebel BG, Teitepoundaum P. Weight regulation in normal and hypothalamic hyperphagic rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1966 Apr;61(2):189-93. PubMed PMID: 5909295.
  86. Horvath TL, Bruning JC. Developmental programming of the hypothalamus: a matter of fat. Nat Med. 2006 Jan;12(1):52-3; discussion 53. PubMed PMID: 16397567.
  87. Howard JK, Cave BJ, Oksanen LJ, Tzameli I, Bjørbaek C, Flier JS. Enhanced leptin sensitivity and attenuation of diet-induced obesity in mice with haploinsufficiency of Socs3. Nat Med 2004;10:734–738
  88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3125292/
  89. http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/reports/2012/rwjf401318
  90. http://www.sciencenews.org/view/feature/id/345277/title/Tricks_Foods_Play
  91. Huszar D, Lynch CA, Fairchild-Huntress V, Dunmore JH, Fang Q, Berkemeier LR, Gu W, Kesterson RA, Boston BA, Cone RD, Smith FJ, Campfield LA, Burn P, Lee F: Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice. Cell 88: 131–141, 1997.
  92. James W. Reeds P. Nutrient Partitioning In: Bray GA, Couchard d, James WP, eds. Handbook of Obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997: 555-571.
  93. Jeevanandam M, Young DH, Schiller WR. Obesity and the metabolic response to severe multiple trauma in man. J Clin Invest. 1991 Jan;87(1):262-9. PubMed PMID: 1985100; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC295040.
  94. Jequier E, Schutz Y. New evidence for a thermogenic defect in human obesity. Int J Obes. 1985;9 Suppl 2:1-7. PubMed PMID: 4066129
  95. Jéquier E. Energy expenditure in obesity. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1984 Nov;13(3):563-80. Review. PubMed PMID: 6391755.
  96. Jéquier E. Leptin signaling, adiposity, and energy balance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Jun;967:379-88. Review. PubMed PMID: 12079865.
  97. Jequier E. Thermogenic responses induced by nutrients in man: Their importance in energy balance regulation. Experientia Suppl. 1983;44:26-44. Review. PubMed PMID: 6357848.
  98. Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Erlanson-Albertsson C, Ahrén B, Lindeberg S. A paleolithic diet is more satiating per calorie than a mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischemic heart disease. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2010 Nov 30;7:85. PubMed PMID: 21118562; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3009971.
  99. Jordan SD, Könner AC, Brüning JC. Sensing the fuels: glucose and lipid signaling in the CNS controlling energy homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2010 Oct;67(19):3255-73. Epub 2010 Jun 12. Review. PubMed PMID: 20549539; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2933848.
  100. Jung KM, Clapper JR, Fu J, D’Agostino G, Guijarro A, Thongkham D, Avanesian A, Astarita G, DiPatrizio NV, Frontini A, Cinti S, Diano S, Piomelli D. 2-arachidonoylglycerol signaling in forebrain regulates systemic energy metabolism. Cell Metab. 2012 Mar 7;15(3):299-310. PubMed PMID: 22405068.
  101. Kado N, Kitawaki J, Koshiba H, Ishihara H, Kitaoka Y, Teramoto M, Honjo H. Relationships between the serum levels of soluble leptin receptor and free and bound leptin in non-pregnant women of reproductive age and women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Hum Reprod. 2003;18:715–720. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deg186.
  102. Katzeff HL, Danforth E Jr. Decreased thermic effect of a mixed meal during overnutrition in human obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989 Nov;50(5):915-21. PubMed PMID: 2683718.
  103. Keen H, Thomas BJ, Jarrett RJ, Fuller JH. Nutrient intake, adiposity, and diabetes. Br Med J. 1979 Mar 10;1(6164):655-8. PubMed PMID: 435710
  104. Keesey RE, Hirvonen MD. Body weight set-points: determination and adjustment. J Nutr. 1997 Sep;127(9):1875S-1883S. Review. PubMed PMID: 9278574.
  105. Keesey RE, Powley TL. The regulation of body weight. Annu Rev Psychol. 1986;37:109-33. PubMed PMID: 3963779.
  106. Keesey RE. The body-weight set point. What can you tell your patients? Postgrad Med. 1988 May 1;83(6):114-8, 121-2, 127. Review. PubMed PMID: 3283713.
  107. Kelesidis T, Kelesidis I, Chou S, Mantzoros CS. Narrative review: The role of leptin in human physiology: emerging clinical applications. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Jan 19;152(2):93-100. Review. PubMed PMID: 20083828.
  108. Kennedy GC: The role of depot fat in the hypothalamic control of food intake in the rat. Proc R Soc Lond 140: 578–596, 1953.
  109. Kim HK, Youn BS, Shin MS, Namkoong C, Park KH, Baik JH, Kim JB, Park JY, Lee KU, Kim YB, Kim MS. Hypothalamic Angptl4/Fiaf is a novel regulator of food intake and body weight. Diabetes. 2010 Nov;59(11):2772-80. Epub 2010 Aug 26. PubMed PMID: 20798332; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2963535.
  110. Koopmans, Henry S. Experimental studies on the control of food intake.. In: Bray GA, Couchard d, James WP, eds. Handbook of Obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997: 273-311.
  111. Larson DE, Rising R, Ferraro RT, Ravussin E: Spontaneous overfeeding with a “cafeteria diet” in men: effects on 24-hour energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 19: 331–337, 1995.
  112. Leibel RL, Chung WK, Chua SC Jr: The molecular genetics of rodent single gene obesities. J Biol Chem 272: 31937–31940, 1997.
  113. Leibel RL, Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J 1995 Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. N Engl J Med 332:621–628
  114. Levine JA, Eberhardt NL, Jensen MD. Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans. Science. 1999 Jan 8;283(5399):212-4. PubMed PMID: 9880251.
  115. Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature. 2006 Dec 21;444(7122):1022-3. PubMed PMID: 17183309.
  116. L’Heureux-Bouron D, Tome D, Rampin O, Even PC, Larue-Achagiotis C, Fromentin G. Total subdiaphragmatic vagotomy does not suppress high protein diet-induced food intake depression in rats. J Nutr 133: 2639–2642, 2003.
  117. Lönnqvist F, Arner P, Nordfors L, Schalling M. Overexpression of the obese (ob) gene in adipose tissue of human obese subjects. Nat Med. 1995 Sep;1(9):950-3. PubMed PMID: 7585223.
  118. Maes HH, Neale MC, Eaves LJ. Genetic and environmental factors in relative body weight and human adiposity. Behav Genet. 1997 Jul;27(4):325-51. Review. PubMed PMID: 9519560.
  119. Maffei M, Fei H, Lee GH, Dani C, Leroy P, Zhang Y, Proenca R, Negrel R, Ailhaud G, Friedman JM. Increased expression in adipocytes of ob RNA in mice with lesions of the hypothalamus and with mutations at the db locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jul 18;92(15):6957-60. PubMed PMID: 7624352; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC41450.
  120. McGowan MK, Andrews KM, Kelly J, Grossman SP. (1990) Effects of chronic intrahypothalamic infusion of insulin on food intake and diurnal meal patterning in the rat. Behav Neurosci 104:373–385.
  121. Meier U, Gressner AM. Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism: review of pathobiochemical and clinical chemical aspects of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin,and resistin. Clin Chem. 2004 Sep;50(9):1511-25. Epub 2004 Jul 20. Review. PubMed PMID: 15265818.
  122. Milanski M, Arruda AP, Coope A, Ignacio-Souza LM, Nunez CE, Roman EA, Romanatto T, Pascoal LB, Caricilli AM, Torsoni MA, Prada PO, Saad MJ, Velloso LA. Inhibition of hypothalamic inflammation reverses diet-induced insulin resistance in the liver. Diabetes. 2012 Jun;61(6):1455-62. Epub 2012 Apr 20. PubMed PMID: 22522614; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3357298.
  123. Milanski M, Degasperi G, Coope A, et al. Saturated fatty acids produce an inflammatory response predominantly through the activation of TLR4 signaling in hypothalamus: implications for the pathogenesis of obesity. J Neurosci 2009;29:359–370 Abstract/FREE Full Text
  124. Miller WC, Lindeman AK, Wallace J, Niederpruem M. Diet composition, energy intake, and exercise in relation to body fat in men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990 Sep;52(3):426-30. PubMed PMID: 2393005.
  125. Minokoshi Y, Alquier T, Furukawa N, Kim YB, Lee A, Xue B, Mu J, Foufelle F, Ferré P, Birnbaum MJ, Stuck BJ, Kahn BB. AMP-kinase regulates food intake by responding to hormonal and nutrient signals in the hypothalamus. Nature. 2004 Apr 1;428(6982):569-74. PubMed PMID: 15058305.
  126. Montague CT, Faroozi IS, Whitehead JP, etc: Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature 387:903, 1997.
  127. Moraes JC, Coope A, Morari J, et al. High-fat diet induces apoptosis of hypothalamic neurons. PLoS ONE 2009;4:e5045
  128. Morrison CD, Berthoud HR. Neurobiology of nutrition and obesity. Nutr Rev. 2007 Dec;65(12 Pt 1):517-34. Review. PubMed PMID: 18236691.
  129. Morrison CD, Xi X, White CL, Ye J, Martin RJ. Amino acids inhibit Agrp gene expression via an mTOR-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jul;293(1):E165-71. Epub 2007 Mar 20. PubMed PMID: 17374702; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2596875.
  130. Morton GJ, Cummings DE, Baskin DG, Barsh GS, Schwartz MW. Central nervous system control of food intake and body weight. Nature. 2006 Sep 21;443(7109):289-95. Review. PubMed PMID: 16988703.
  131. mTOR (Cota D, Proulx K, Smith KA, Kozma SC, Thomas G, Woods SC, Seeley RJ. Hypothalamic mTOR signaling regulates food intake. Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):927-30. PubMed PMID: 16690869.  “mTOR is a cellular fuel sensor whose hypothalamic activity is directly tied to the regulation of energy intake.”)
  132. Münzberg H, Björnholm M, Bates SH, Myers MG Jr. Leptin receptor action and mechanisms of leptin resistance. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2005 Mar;62(6):642-52. Review. PubMed PMID: 15770417.
  133. Münzberg H, Flier JS, Bjørbaek C. Region-specific leptin resistance within the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese mice. Endocrinology. 2004 Nov;145(11):4880-9. Epub 2004 Jul 22. PubMed PMID: 15271881.
  134. Musten B, Peace D, Anderson GH. Food intake regulation in the weanling rat: self-selection of protein and energy. J Nutr 104: 563–572, 1974.
  135. Myers MG Jr. Outstanding Scientific Achievement Award Lecture 2010: deconstructing leptin: from signals to circuits. Diabetes. 2010 Nov;59(11):2708-14. PubMed PMID: 20980468; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2963524.
  136. Myers MG, Cowley MA, Münzberg H. Mechanisms of leptin action and leptin resistance. Annu Rev Physiol. 2008;70:537-56. Review. PubMed PMID: 17937601.
  137. Obesity and leanness. Basic aspects. Stock, M., Rothwell, N., Author Affiliation: Dep. Physiology, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, London Univ., London, UK.
  138. O’Rahilly S, Farooqi IS. Human obesity: a heritable neurobehavioral disorder that is highly sensitive to environmental conditions. Diabetes. 2008 Nov;57(11):2905-10. PubMed PMID: 18971438; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2570383.
  139. O’Rahilly S. Human genetics illuminates the paths to metabolic disease. Nature. 2009 Nov 19;462(7271):307-14. Review. PubMed PMID: 19924209.
  140. Peck JW. Rats defend different body weights depending on palatability and accessibility of their food. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1978 Jun;92(3):555-70. PubMed PMID: 98538.
  141. Peckham SC, Entenman C. The influence of a hypercaloric diet on gross body and adipose tissue composition in the rat. Res Dev Tech Rep. 1962 Feb 5:23. PubMed PMID: 14484833.
  142. Pelleymounter MA, Cullen MJ, Baker MB, etc: Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. Science 269:540, 1995.
  143. Peters JC, Harper AE. Influence of dietary protein level on protein self-selection and plasma and brain amino acid concentrations. Physiol Behav 33: 783–790, 1984.
  144. Porte D Jr, Woods SC. Regulation of food intake and body weight in insulin.Diabetologia. 1981 Mar;20 Suppl:274-80. PubMed PMID: 7014326.
  145. Rayssiguier Y, Gueux E, Nowacki W, Rock E, Mazur A. High fructose consumption combined with low dietary magnesium intake may increase the incidence of the metabolic syndrome by inducing inflammation. Magnes Res. 2006 Dec;19(4):237-43. Review. PubMed PMID: 17402291.
  146. Roberfroid M, Gibson GR, Hoyles L, McCartney AL, Rastall R, Rowland I, Wolvers D, Watzl B, Szajewska H, Stahl B, Guarner F, Respondek F, Whelan K, Coxam V, Davicco MJ, Léotoing L, Wittrant Y, Delzenne NM, Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Meheust A. Prebiotic effects: metabolic and health benefits. Br J Nutr. 2010 Aug;104 Suppl 2:S1-63. doi: 10.1017/S0007114510003363. Review. PubMed PMID: 20920376.
  147. Roberts SB, Fuss P, Dallal GE, Atkinson A, Evans WJ, Joseph L, Fiatarone MA, Greenberg AS, Young VR. Effects of age on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during experimental overfeeding in healthy men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1996 Mar;51(2):B148-57. PubMed PMID: 8612099.
  148. Roberts SB, Pi-Sunyer FX, Dreher M, Hahn R, Hill JO, Kleinman RE, Peters JC, Ravussin E, Rolls BJ, Yetley E, Booth SL. Physiology of fat replacement and fat reduction: effects of dietary fat and fat substitutes on energy regulation. Nutr Rev. 1998 May;56(5 Pt 2):S29-41; discussion S41-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 9624879.
  149. Rolland-Cachera MF, Bellisle F. No correlation between adiposity and food intake: why are working class children fatter? Am J Clin Nutr. 1986 Dec;44(6):779-87. PubMed PMID: 3788830
  150. Rolls BJ, Rowe EA, Turner RC. Persistent obesity in rats following a period of consumption of a mixed, high energy diet. J Physiol. 1980 Jan;298:415-27. PubMed PMID: 6987379; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1279126.
  151. Rosenbaum M, Vandenborne K, Goldsmith R, Simoneau JA, Heymsfield S, Joanisse DR, Hirsch J, Murphy E, Matthews D, Segal KR, Leibel RL. Effects of experimental weight perturbation on skeletal muscle work efficiency in human subjects. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2003 Jul;285(1):R183-92. Epub 2003 Feb 27. PubMed PMID: 12609816.
  152. Roth JD, Roland BL, Cole RL, Trevaskis JL, Weyer C, Koda JE, Anderson CM, Parkes DG, Baron AD. Leptin responsiveness restored by amylin agonism in diet-induced obesity: evidence from nonclinical and clinical studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 May 20;105(20):7257-62. Epub 2008 May 5. PubMed PMID: 18458326; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2438237.
  153. Rothwell NJ, Stock MJ. Energy expenditure of ‘cafeteria’-fed rats determined from measurements of energy balance and indirect calorimetry. J Physiol. 1982 Jul;328:371-7. PubMed PMID: 7131317; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1225664.)
  154. Rothwell NJ, Stock MJ. Regulation of energy balance in two models of reversible obesity in the rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1979 Dec;93(6):1024-34. PubMed PMID: 521518.
  155. Schutz Y, Bessard T, Jéquier E. Diet-induced thermogenesis measured over a whole day in obese and nonobese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984 Sep;40(3):542-52. PubMed PMID: 6540980.
  156. Schwartz MW, Figlewicz DP, Baskin DG, Woods SC, Porte D Jr. Insulin in the brain: a hormonal regulator of energy balance. Endocrinol Rev 13:387–414, 1992.
  157. Schwartz MW, Niswender KD. Adiposity signaling and biological defense against weight gain: absence of protection or central hormone resistance? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Dec;89(12):5889-97. Review. PubMed PMID: 15579732.
  158. Schwartz MW, Porte D Jr. Diabetes, obesity, and the brain. Science. 2005 Jan 21;307(5708):375-9. PubMed PMID: 15662002.
  159. Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D Jr, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG. Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature. 2000 Apr 6;404(6778):661-71. Review. PubMed PMID: 10766253.
  160. Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Seeley RJ, Barsh GS, Baskin DG, Leibel RL. Is the energy homeostasis system inherently biased toward weight gain? Diabetes. 2003 Feb;52(2):232-8. PubMed PMID: 12540591.
  161. Schwartz MW. Brain pathways controlling food intake and body weight. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2001 Dec;226(11):978-81. Review. PubMed PMID: 11743132.
  162. Sclafani A, Springer D. Dietary obesity in adult rats: similarities to hypothalamic and human obesity syndromes. Physiol Behav. 1976 Sep;17(3):461-71. PubMed PMID: 1013192.
  163. Seeley RJ, Schwartz MW. Neuroendocrine regulation of food intake. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1999 Feb;88(428):58-61. Review. PubMed PMID: 10102053.
  164. Shalev U, Grimm JW, Shaham Y. (2002) Neurobiology of relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking: a review. Pharmacol Rev 54:1–42.
  165. Shalev U, Yap J, Shaham Y. (2001) Leptin attenuates food deprivation-induced relapse to heroin seeking. J Neurosci 21:RC129.
  166. Shi H, Akunuru S, Bierman JC, Hodge KM, Mitchell MC, Foster MT, Seeley RJ, Reizes O. Diet-induced obese mice are leptin insufficient after weight reduction. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Sep;17(9):1702-9. Epub 2009 Apr 16. PubMed PMID: 19373220.
  167. Sims EA, Danforth Jr E, Horton ES, Bray GA, Glennon JA, Salans LB 1973 Endocrine and metabolic effects of experimental obesity in man. Recent Prog Horm Res 29:457–496
  168. Sims EA, Danforth Jr E, Horton ES, Glennon JA, Bray GA, Salans LB 1972 Experimental obesity in man. A progress report. Isr J Med Sci 8:813–814
  169. Sims EA, Goldman RF, Gluck CM, Horton ES, Kelleher PC, Rowe DW 1968 Experimental obesity in man. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 81:153–170
  170. Sims EAH and Horton ES: Endocrine and metabolic adaptations to obesity and starvation. Am J Clin Nutr 21: 1455, 1968
  171. Stetten, D. J. Biol. Chem. 147: 327, 1943
  172. Stunkard AJ, Foch TT, Hrubec Z. A twin study of human obesity. JAMA. 1986 Jul 4;256(1):51-4. PubMed PMID: 3712713.
  173. Stunkard AJ, Harris JR, Pedersen NL, McClearn GE: The body-mass index of twins who have been reared apart. N Engl J Med 322: 1483–1487, 1990.
  174. Stunkard AJ, Sorensen TI, Hanis C, Teasdale TW, Chakraborty R, Schull WJ, Schulsinger F: An adoption study of human obesity. N Engl J Med314 : 193–198,1986
  175. Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Delbridge E, Purcell K, Shulkes A, Kriketos A, Proietto J. Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N Engl J Med. 2011 Oct 27;365(17):1597-604. PubMed PMID: 22029981.
  176. Teff KL, Grudziak J, Townsend RR, Dunn TN, Grant RW, Adams SH, Keim NL, Cummings BP, Stanhope KL, Havel PJ. Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming fructose- and glucose-sweetened beverages with meals in obese men and women: influence of insulin resistance on plasma triglyceride responses. J Clin
  177. The New York Times. “A Mathematical Challenge to Obesity – NYTimes.com.” The New York Times – Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. N.p., 14 May 2012. Web. 4 Oct. 2012. .
  178. Tordoff MG. Obesity by choice: The powerful influence of nutrient availability on nutrient intake. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2002 May;282(5):R1536-9. PubMed PMID: 11959698.
  179. Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1968;81:153-70. Experimental obesity in man. Sims EA, Goldman RF, Gluck CM, Horton ES, Kelleher PC, Rowe DW.
  180. Tregellas JR, Wylie KP, Rojas DC, Tanabe J, Martin J, Kronberg E, Cordes D, Cornier MA. Altered default network activity in obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 Dec;19(12):2316-21. doi: 10.1038/oby.2011.119. Epub 2011 Jun 2. PubMed PMID: 21633398.
  181. TRH neuron & thyroid & ARC POMC Neuron (Münzberg H, Björnholm M, Bates SH, Myers MG Jr. Leptin receptor action and mechanisms of leptin resistance. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2005 Mar;62(6):642-52. Review. PubMed PMID: 15770417.)
  182. van Dielen FM, van ‘t Veer C, Buurman WA, Greve JW. Leptin and soluble leptin receptor levels in obese and weight-losing individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:1708–1716. doi: 10.1210/jc.87.4.1708.
  183. Velloso LA, Araújo EP, de Souza CT. Diet-induced inflammation of the hypothalamus in obesity. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2008;15(3):189-93. Epub 2008 Sep 9. Review. PubMed PMID: 18781083.
  184. Wang Q, Bing C, Al-Barazanji K, Mossakowaska DE, Wang XM, McBay DL, Neville WA, Taddayon M, Pickavance L, Dryden S, Thomas ME, McHale MT, Gloyer IS, Wilson S, Buckingham R, Arch JR, Trayhurn P, Williams G. Interactions between leptin and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y neurons in the control of food intake and energy homeostasis in the rat. Diabetes. 1997 Mar;46(3):335-41. PubMed PMID: 9032086.
  185. Weigle DS. Appetite and the regulation of body composition. FASEB J. 1994 Mar 1;8(3):302-10. Review. PubMed PMID: 8143936.
  186. Weigle DS. Human obesity. Exploding the myths. West J Med. 1990 Oct;153(4):421-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 2244378; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1002573.
  187. Westerterp-Plantenga MS. The significance of protein in food intake and body weight regulation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 6: 635–638,2003.
  188. White BD, He B, Dean RG, Martin RJ. Low protein diets increase neuropeptide Y gene expression in the basomedial hypothalamus of rats. J Nutr 124: 1152–1160, 1994.
  189. White BD, Porter MH, Martin RJ. Effects of age on the feeding response to moderately low dietary protein in rats. Physiol Behav 68: 673–681, 2000.
  190. Wisse BE, Schwartz MW. Does hypothalamic inflammation cause obesity? Cell Metab. 2009 Oct;10(4):241-2. PubMed PMID: 19808014.
  191. Woods SC, Chavez M, Park CR, Riedy C, Kaiyala K, Richardson RD, Figlewicz DP, Schwartz MW, Porte D Jr., Seeley RJ. The evaluation of insulin as a metabolic signal influencing behavior via the brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 20:139–144, 1996.
  192. Woods SC, Decke E, Vasselli JR. Metabolic hormones and regulation of body weight. Psychol Rev. 1974 Jan;81(1):26-43. PubMed PMID: 4812879.
  193. Woods SC, Porte D Jr, Bobbioni E, Ionescu E, Sauter JF, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Jeanrenaud B. Insulin: its relationship to the central nervous system and to thecontrol of food intake and body weight. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 Nov;42(5 Suppl):1063-71. Review. PubMed PMID: 3904396.
  194. Wooley SC, Wooley OW, Dyrenforth S. The case against radical interventions. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980 Feb;33(2 Suppl):465-71. PubMed PMID: 7355820.
  195. Xiong Y, Miyamoto N, Shibata K, Valasek MA, Motoike T, Kedzierski RM, Yanagisawa M. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate leptin production in adipocytes through the G protein-coupled receptor GPR41. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jan 27;101(4):1045-50. Epub 2004 Jan 13. PubMed PMID: 14722361; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC327148.
  196. Zabolotny JM, Kim YB, Welsh LA, Kershaw EE, Neel BG, Kahn BB. Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B expression is induced by inflammation in vivo. J Biol Chem 2008;283:14230–14241
  197. Zhang X, Zhang G, Zhang H, Karin M, Bai H, Cai D. Hypothalamic IKKbeta/NF-kappaB and ER stress link overnutrition to energy imbalance and obesity. Cell 2008;135:61–73
  198. Zhang Y, Guo K, LeBlanc RE, Loh D, Schwartz GJ, Yu YH. Increasing dietary leucine intake reduces diet-induced obesity and improves glucose and cholesterol metabolism in mice via multimechanisms. Diabetes. 2007 Jun;56(6):1647-54. Epub 2007 Mar 14. PubMed PMID: 17360978.
  199. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, etc: Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372:425, 1994.

Calorie Counting is Unnecessary and Ineffective

  1. ” A word about quitting success rates .” American Cancer Society :: Information and Resources for Cancer: Breast, Colon, Prostate, Lung and Other Forms. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Jan. 2011. .
  2. “To avoid overweight, consume only as much energy as is expended; if overweight, decrease energy intake and increase energy expenditure.” Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs (U.S.). Dietary goals for the United States. 2nd ed. Washington: Government Printing office; 1977.
  3. A.C. Guyton: ‘Textbook of medical physiology’ 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1966
  4. Acheson KJ, Schutz Y, Bessard T, Anantharaman K, Flatt JP, Jéquier E. Glycogen storage capacity and de novo lipogenesis during massive carbohydrate overfeeding in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Aug;48(2):240-7. PubMed PMID: 3165600.
  5. Apfepoundaum M Bostsarron J, Lacatis D: Effect of caloric restriction and excessive caloric intake on energy expenditure. Am J Clin Nutr 1971; 24:1405-1409
  6. Arora SK, McFarlane SI. The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Jul 14;2:16. PubMed PMID: 16018812; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1188071.
  7. Augustin LS, Franceschi S, Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, La Vecchia C. Glycemic index in chronic disease: a review. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Nov;56(11):1049-71.Review. PubMed PMID: 12428171.
  8. Baba NH, Sawaya S, Torbay N, Habbal Z, Azar S, Hashim SA: High protein vs high carbohydrate hypoenergetic diet for the treatment of obese hyperinsulinemic subjects. Int J Obes23 :1202 –1206,1999.
  9. Ballor DL, Katch VL, Becque MD, Marks CR. Resistance strength training during caloric restriction enhances lean body weight maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Jan;47(1):19-25. PubMed PMID: 3337037.
  10. Benedict, Francis Gano. Human Vitality and Efficiency under Prolonged Restricted Diet,. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1919. Print.
  11. Björntorp P, Yang MU. Refeeding after fasting in the rat: effects on body composition and food efficiency. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982 Sep;36(3):444-9. PubMed PMID: 7113950.
  12. Blackburn GL, Wilson GT, Kanders BS, Stein LJ, Lavin PT, Adler J, Brownell KD. Weight cycling: The experience of human dieters. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989 May;49(5 Suppl):1105-9. PubMed PMID: 2718940.
  13. Blair SN, Shaten J, Brownell K, Collins G, Lissner L. Body weight change, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Oct 1;119(7 Pt 2):749-57. PubMed PMID: 8363210.
  14. Børsheim E, Bui Q-UT, Tissier S, Kobayashi H, Ferrando AA, Wolfe RR. Effect of amino acid supplementation in insulin sensitivity in elderly. Fed Proc (in press).
  15. Brand-Miller J. Diets with a low glycemic index: From theory to practice. Nutrition Today. 1999;34:64–72.
  16. Bray GA. Obesity–a state of reduced sympathetic activity and normal or high adrenal activity (the autonomic and adrenal hypothesis revisited). Int J Obes. 1990;14 Suppl 3:77-91; discussion 91-2. Review. PubMed PMID: 2086518.
  17. Bray GA: Effect of caloric restriction on energy expenditure in obese patients. Lancet 1969; 2:397-398
  18. Bray, George and Claude Bouchard. Handbook of Obesity. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  19. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels SR, D’Alessio DA: A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab88 :1617 –1623,2003
  20. Brownell KD, Greenwood MR, Stellar E, Shrager EE. The effects of repeated cycles of weight loss and regain in rats. Physiol Behav. 1986 Oct;38(4):459-64. PubMed PMID: 3823159.
  21. Brownell KD, Rodin J. Medical, metabolic, and psychological effects of weight cycling. Arch Intern Med. 1994 Jun 27;154(12):1325-30. Review. PubMed PMID: 8002684.
  22. Byrne NM, Wood RE, Schutz Y, Hills AP. Does metabolic compensation explain the majority of less-than-expected weight loss in obese adults during a short-term severe diet and exercise intervention? Int J Obes (Lond). 2012 Nov;36(11):1472-8. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2012.109. Epub 2012 Jul 24. PubMed PMID: 22825659.
  23. Caulfield, Timothy A.. The cure for everything: untangling twisted messages about health, fitness, and happiness. Boston: Beacon Press, 2012. Print.
  24. Church TS, Martin CK, Thompson AM, Earnest CP, Mikus CR, Blair SN. Changes in weight, waist circumference and compensatory responses with different doses of exercise among sedentary, overweight postmenopausal women. PLoS One. 2009;4(2):e4515. Epub 2009 Feb 18. PubMed PMID: 19223984; PubMed Central PMCID:PMC2639700.
  25. Conn JM, Annest JL, Gilchrist J. Sports and recreation related injury episodes in the US population, 1997-99. Inj Prev. 2003 Jun;9(2):117-23. PubMed PMID: 12810736; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1730974.
  26. Cordain, Loren, and Joe Friel. The Paleo Diet for Athletes: A Nutritional Formula for Peak Athletic Performance. Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale Books, 2005. Print.
  27. Crawford D, Jeffery RW, French SA. Can anyone successfully control their weight? Findings of a three year community-based study of men and women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Sep;24(9):1107-10. PubMed PMID: 11033978.
  28. D. M. Lyon , And D. M. Dunlop, the Treatment of Obesity: A Comparison of the Effects of Diet And of Thyroid Extract, QJM 1: 331-352.
  29. Despres JP, Moorjani S, Lupien PJ, Tremblay A, Nadeau A, Bouchard C. Regional distribution of body fat, plasmalipoproteins, and cardiovascular disease. rteriosclerosis 1990;10: 497–511.
  30. Despres JP. Dyslipidaemia and obesity. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 8: 629–660.
  31. Donnelly JE, Smith BK. Is exercise effective for weight loss with ad libitum diet? Energy balance, compensation, and gender differences. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2005 Oct;33(4):169-74. Review. PubMed PMID: 16239833.
  32. Dr. Pauline, Entin. “History of Exercise Science.” www2.nau.edu. Northern Arizona University, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2011. .
  33. Drapeau V Provencher V Lemieux S Despres J-P Bouchard C Tremblay A (2003) Do 6-y changes in eating behaviours predict changes in body weight? Results from the Quebec Family Study Int J Obes 27 808 – 814
  34. Drewnowski A, Specter SE. Poverty and obesity: The role of energy density and energy costs. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jan;79(1):6-16. Review. PubMed PMID: 14684391.
  35. Due A, Toubro S, Skov AR, Astrup A. Effect of normal-fat diets, either medium or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Oct;28(10):1283-90. PubMed PMID:15303109.
  36. Dulloo AG, Calokatisa R. Adaptation to low calorie intake in obese mice: contribution of a metabolic component to diminished energy expenditures during and after weight loss. Int J Obes. 1991 Jan;15(1):7-16. PubMed PMID: 2010261.
  37. Dulloo AG, Girardier L. 24 hour energy expenditure several months after weight loss in the underfed rat: evidence for a chronic increase in whole-body metabolic efficiency. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1993 Feb;17(2):115-23. PubMed PMID: 8384165.
  38. Dulloo AG, Girardier L. Adaptive changes in energy expenditure during refeeding following low-calorie intake: evidence for a specific metabolic component favoring fat storage. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990 Sep;52(3):415-20. PubMed PMID: 2393003.
  39. Dulloo AG, Jacquet J, Girardier L. Autoregulation of body composition during weight recovery in human: The Minnesota Experiment revisited. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996 May;20(5):393-405. PubMed PMID: 8696417.
  40. Dulloo AG, Jacquet J. Adaptive reduction in basal metabolic rate in response to food deprivation in humans: a role for feedback signals from fat stores. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Sep;68(3):599-606. PubMed PMID: 9734736.
  41. Dulloo AG. Explaining the failures of obesity therapy: willpower attenuation, target miscalculation or metabolic compensation? Int J Obes (Lond). 2012 Nov;36(11):1418-20. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2012.114. PubMed PMID: 23147189.
  42. Fam BC, Morris MJ, Hansen MJ, Kebede M, Andrikopoulos S, Proietto J, Thorburn AW. Modulation of central leptin sensitivity and energy balance in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007 Nov;9(6):840-52. PubMed PMID: 17924866.
  43. Farnsworth E, Luscombe ND, Noakes M, Wittert G, Argyiou E, Clifton PM. Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on body composition, glycemic control, and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese hyperinsulinemic men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jul;78(1):31-9.
  44. Feinman RD, Fine EJ. “A calorie is a calorie” violates the second law of thermodynamics. Nutr J. 2004 Jul 28;3:9. PubMed PMID: 15282028; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC506782.
  45. Fine EJ, Feinman RD. Thermodynamics of weight loss diets. Nutr Metab (Lond).2004 Dec 8;1(1):15. PubMed PMID: 15588283; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC543577.
  46. Flatt JP. Conversion of carbohydrate to fat in adipose tissue: an energy-yielding and, therefore, self-limiting process. J Lipid Res. 1970 Mar;11(2):131-43. PubMed PMID: 4392141.
  47. Flier JS, Maratos-Flier E. What fuels fat. Sci Am. 2007 Sep;297(3):72-81. PubMed PMID: 17784627.
  48. Flier JS. The adipocyte: storage depot or node on the energy information superhighway? Cell. 1995 Jan 13;80(1):15-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 7813011.
  49. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, McGuckin BG, Brill C, Mohammed S: A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet. N Eng J Med348 :2082 –2090,2003
  50. Fredericks, Carrie. Obesity (Compact Research Series). San Diego: Referencepoint Press, 2008. Print.
  51. French SA Jeffery RW (1994) Consequences of dieting to lose weight: effects on physical and mental health Health Psychol 13 195 – 212
  52. Friedman JM, Halaas JL. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature. 1998 Oct 22;395(6704):763-70. Review. PubMed PMID: 9796811.
  53. Friedman JM. A war on obesity, not the obese. Science. 2003 Feb7;299(5608):856-8. PubMed PMID: 12574619.
  54. Friedman JM. Modern science versus the stigma of obesity. Nat Med. 2004 Jun;10(6):563-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 15170194.
  55. Frisch S, Zittermann A, Berthold HK, Götting C, Kuhn J, Kleesiek K, Stehle P, Körtke H. A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of carbohydrate-reduced or fat-reduced diets in patients attending a telemedically guided weight loss program. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009 Jul 18;8:36. PubMed PMID: 19615091; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2722581.
  56. Frost G, Keogh B, Smith D, Akinsanya K, Leeds A. (1996). The effect of low-glycemic carbohydrate on insulin and glucose response in vivo and in vitro in patients with coronary heart disease. Metabolism, 45: 669-672.
  57. Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ, Saeed A, Jordan K, Hoover H. An increase in dietary protein improves the blood glucose response in persons with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Oct;78(4):734-41. PubMed PMID: 14522731.
  58. Garner DM, Wooley SC. Confronting the failure of behavioral and dietary treatments for obesity. Clin Psychol Rev. 1991;11:729–780. doi: 10.1016/0272-7358(91)90128-H.
  59. Garrow JS. The safety of dieting. Proc Nutr Soc. 1991 Aug;50(2):493-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 1749815.
  60. Garrow, J.S.. Energy Balance and Obesity in Man. 2nd ed. New York: Elsevier Science Ltd, 1978. Print.
  61. Geissler CA, Miller DS, Shah M: The daily metabolic rate of the postobese and the lean. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45:914-920
  62. Goldsmith R, Joanisse DR, Gallagher D, Pavlovich K, Shamoon E, Leibel RL, Rosenbaum M. Effects of experimental weight perturbation on skeletal muscle work efficiency, fuel utilization, and biochemistry in human subjects. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010 Jan;298(1):R79-88. Epub 2009 Nov 4. PubMed PMID: 19889869; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2806213.
  63. Green MW, Rogers PJ. Impaired cognitive functioning during spontaneous dieting. Psychol Med. 1995 Sep;25(5):1003-10. PubMed PMID: 8587997.
  64. Greene P, Willett W, et al. Pilot 12-week feeding weight loss comparison: low-fat vs. low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets [abstract]. Obes Res. 2003;11:A23.
  65. Gulick A: A study of weight regulation in the adult human body during overnutrition. Am J Physiol 1922; 60:371-395
  66. Hamm P, Shekelle RB, Stamler J. Large fluctuations in body weight during young adulthood and twenty-five-year risk of coronary death in men. Am J Epidemiol. 1989 Feb;129(2):312-8. PubMed PMID: 2912043.
  67. Harrison BC, Leinwand LA. Fighting fat with muscle: bulking up to slim down.Cell Metab. 2008 Feb;7(2):97-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 18249167.
  68. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, Macera CA, Heath GW, Thompson PD, Bauman A; American College of Sports Medicine; American Heart Association. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007 Aug 28;116(9):1081-93. Epub 2007 Aug 1. PubMed PMID: 17671237.
  69. Helmchen LA, Henderson RM. Changes in the distribution of body mass index of white US men, 1890-2000. Ann Hum Biol. 2004 Mar-Apr;31(2):174-81. PubMed PMID: 15204360.
  70. Higgins M, D’Agostino R, Kannel W, Cobb J, Pinsky J. Benefits and adverse effects of weight loss. Observations from the Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Oct 1;119(7 Pt 2):758-63. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med 1993 Nov 15;119(10):1055. PubMed PMID: 8363211.
  71. Hill AJ. Does dieting make you fat? Br J Nutr. 2004 Aug;92 Suppl 1:S15-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 15384316.
  72. Howard BV, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Beresford SA, Frank G, Jones B, Rodabough RJ, Snetselaar L, Thomson C, Tinker L, Vitolins M, Prentice R. Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years: The Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA. 2006 Jan 4;295(1):39-49. PubMed PMID: 16391215.
  73. http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp
  74. http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/
  75. http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/DietaryGuidelines/2010/PolicyDoc/Chapter2.pdf
  76. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,403803,00.html
  77. http://www.google.com/publicdata/directory
  78. http://www.health.gov/DietaryGuidelines/dga2005/document/html/chapter3.htm
  79. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/insulin-and-weight-gain/DA00139
  80. http://www.prb.org/Articles/2002/HowManyPeopleHaveEverLivedonEarth.aspx
  81. http://www.prweb.com/releases/2011/10/prweb8894650.htm
  82. http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1914857,00.html#ixzz0Wz0PTtHj
  83. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
  84. Hunter GR, Wetzstein CJ, Fields DA, Brown A, Bamman MM. Resistance training increases total energy expenditure and free-living physical activity in older adults. J Appl Physiol. 2000 Sep;89(3):977-84. PubMed PMID: 10956341.
  85. Izumiya Y, Hopkins T, Morris C, Sato K, Zeng L, Viereck J, Hamilton JA, Ouchi N, LeBrasseur NK, Walsh K. Fast/Glycolytic muscle fiber growth reduces fat mass and improves metabolic parameters in obese mice. Cell Metab. 2008 Feb;7(2):159-72. PubMed PMID: 18249175.
  86. Jen KL, Lu H, Savona L, Watkins A, Shaw M. Long-term weight cycling reduces body weight and fat free mass, but not fat mass in female Wistar rats. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1995 Oct;19(10):699-708. PubMed PMID: 8589763.
  87. Jensen AR How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement? Harvard Educ Rev 1969;39:1–123.
  88. Jéquier E. Energy expenditure in obesity. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1984 Nov;13(3):563-80. Review. PubMed PMID: 6391755.
  89. Jéquier E. Energy metabolism in human obesity. Soz Praventivmed.1989;34(2):58-62. PubMed PMID: 2750332.
  90. Jéquier E. Leptin signaling, adiposity, and energy balance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Jun;967:379-88. Review. PubMed PMID: 12079865.
  91. Johnson D., Drenick E. J. (1977) therapeutic fasting in morbid obesity: long-term fellow-up. Arch. Intern. Med. 137:1381–1382.
  92. Juhaeri Stevens J Chambless LE Tyroler HA Harp J Jones D Arnett D (2001) Weight change among self-reported dieters and non-dieters in white and African American men and women Eur J Epidemiol 17 917
  93. Keen H, Thomas BJ, Jarrett RJ, Fuller JH. Nutrient intake, adiposity, and diabetes. Br Med J. 1979 Mar 10;1(6164):655-8. PubMed PMID: 435710; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1598272.
  94. Keesey RE, Powley TL. The regulation of body weight. Annu Rev Psychol. 1986;37:109-33. PubMed PMID: 3963779.
  95. Kelesidis T, Kelesidis I, Chou S, Mantzoros CS. Narrative review: The role of leptin in human physiology: emerging clinical applications. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Jan 19;152(2):93-100. Review. PubMed PMID: 20083828; PubMed Central PMCID:PMC2829242.
  96. Keys, Ancel. The Biology of Human Starvation: Volume I. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1950. Print.
  97. Kissebah AH, Krakower GR. Regional adiposity and morbidity. Physiol Rev 1994; 74: 761–811.
  98. Klesges RC Isbell TR Klesges LM (1992) Relationship between dietary restraint, energy intake, physical activity, and body weight: a prospective analysis J Abnorm Psychol 101 668 – 674
  99. Klesges RC Klem ML Bene CR (1989) Effects of dietary restraint, obesity and gender on holiday eating behaviour and weight gain J Abnorm Psychol 98 499 – 503
  100. Koopmans HS. Internal signals cause large changes in food intake in one-way crossed intestines rats. Brain Res Bull. 1985 Jun;14(6):595-603. PubMed PMID: 3875383.
  101. Korkeila M Rissanen A Kaprio J Sorensen TIA Koskenvuo M (1999) Weight-loss attempts and risk of major weight gain: a prospective study in Finnish adults Am J Clin Nutr 70 965 – 975
  102. Lasker DA, Evans EM, Layman DK. Moderate carbohydrate, moderate protein weight loss diet reduces cardiovascular disease risk compared to high carbohydrate, low protein diet in obese adults: A randomized clinical trial. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2008 Nov 7;5:30. PubMed PMID: 18990242; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2585565.
  103. Layman DK, Boileau RA, Erickson DJ, Painter JE, Shiue H, Sather C, Christou DD. A reduced ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein improves body composition and blood lipid profiles during weight loss in adult women. J Nutr. 2003 Feb;133(2):411-7. PubMed PMID: 12566476.
  104. Layman DK. Dietary Guidelines should reflect new understandings about adult protein needs. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2009 Mar 13;6:12. PubMed PMID: 19284668; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2666737.
  105. Leibel RL, Hirsch J. Diminished energy requirements in reduced-obese patients. Metabolism. 1984 Feb;33(2):164-70. PubMed PMID: 6694559.
  106. Leibel RL, Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J. Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. N Engl J Med. 1995 Mar 9;332(10):621-8. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 1995 Aug 10;333(6):399. PubMed PMID: 7632212.
  107. Lejeune MP, Kovacs EM, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Additional protein intake limits weight regain after weight loss in humans. Br J Nutr. 2005 Feb;93(2):281-9. PubMed PMID: 15788122.
  108. Levine JA, Eberhardt NL, Jensen MD. Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans. Science. 1999 Jan 8;283(5399):212-4. PubMed PMID: 9880251.
  109. Levine JA. Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT). Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Dec;16(4):679-702. Review. PubMed PMID: 12468415.
  110. Lissner L, Odell PM, D’Agostino RB, Stokes J 3rd, Kreger BE, Belanger AJ,Brownell KD. Variability of body weight and health outcomes in the Framingham population. N Engl J Med. 1991 Jun 27;324(26):1839-44. PubMed PMID: 2041550.
  111. Low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes. Stable improvement of bodyweight and glycemic control during 22 months follow-up Jørgen Vesti Nielsen and Eva Joensson Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006; 3: 22. Published online 2006 June 14. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-3-22. PMCID: PMC1526736
  112. MacLean PS, Higgins JA, Johnson GC, Fleming-Elder BK, Donahoo WT, Melanson EL, Hill JO. Enhanced metabolic efficiency contributes to weight regain after weight loss in obesity-prone rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004 Dec;287(6):R1306-15. Epub 2004 Aug 26. PubMed PMID: 15331386.
  113. Major GC, Doucet E, Trayhurn P, Astrup A, Tremblay A. Clinical significance of adaptive thermogenesis. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007 Feb;31(2):204-12. Review. PubMed PMID: 17260010.
  114. Mann T, Tomiyama AJ, Westling E, Lew AM, Samuels B, Chatman J. Medicare’s search for effective obesity treatments: diets are not the answer. Am Psychol. 2007 Apr;62(3):220-33. Review. PubMed PMID: 17469900.
  115. Marion Nestle, quoted in : J.M. Hirsch, “Food Industry a Targe in Obesity Fight,” March 19, 2006. www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2006/03/18/ap2605096.html.
  116. McAuley KA, Hopkins CM, Smith KJ, McLay RT, Williams SM, Taylor RW, Mann JI. Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women. Diabetologia. 2005 Jan;48(1):8-16.
  117. McAuley KA, Smith KJ, Taylor RW, McLay RT, Williams SM, Mann JI. Long-term effects of popular dietary approaches on weight loss and features of insulin resistance. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006 Feb;30(2):342-9.
  118. McCrady SK, Levine JA. Sedentariness at work: how much do we really sit? Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Nov;17(11):2103-5. Epub 2009 Apr 23. PubMed PMID: 19390526; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2783690.
  119. McCullough ML, Feskanich D, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Ascherio A, Variyam JN, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of major chronic disease in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Nov;72(5):1223-31. PubMed PMID: 11063453.
  120. McCullough ML, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, Rosner BA, Hu FB, Hunter DJ, Variyam JN, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of major chronic disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Nov;72(5):1214-22. PubMed PMID: 11063452.
  121. McGuire MT Wing RR Hill JO Klem ML Lang W (1999) What predicts weight gain in a group of successful weight losers? J Consult Clin Psychol 67 177 – 185
  122. Meckling KA, Sherfey R. A randomized trial of a hypocaloric high-protein diet, with and without exercise, on weight loss, fitness, and markers of the Metabolic Syndrome in overweight and obese women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007 Aug;32(4):743-52. PubMed PMID: 17622289.
  123. Metcalf BS, Hosking J, Jeffery AN, Voss LD, Henley W, Wilkin TJ. Fatness leads to inactivity, but inactivity does not lead to fatness: a longitudinal study in children (EarlyBird 45). Arch Dis Child. 2011 Oct;96(10):942-7. Epub 2010 Jun 23. PubMed PMID: 20573741.
  124. Miller DS, Mumford P, Stock MJ: Gluttony-2. Thermogenesis in overeating man. Am J Clin Nutr 1967; 20:1223-1229
  125. Muscle logic : escalating density training changes the rules for maximum-impact strength training / Charles Staley.
  126. National Soft Drink Association. Soft Drinks: Balance, Variety, Moderation.
  127. Nestle M, Jacobson MF. Halting the obesity epidemic: a public health policy approach. Public Health Rep. 2000 Jan-Feb;115(1):12-24. PubMed PMID: 10968581; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1308552.
  128. Noakes M, Keogh JB, Foster PR, Clifton PM. Effect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet relative to a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional status, and markers of cardiovascular health in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jun;81(6):1298-306.
  129. Nuttall FQ, Gannon MC. Metabolic response of people with type 2 diabetes to a high protein diet. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Sep 13;1(1):652.
  130. Nuttall FQ, Gannon MC. The metabolic response to a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2006 Feb;55(2):243-51.
  131. Oliver, J. Eric. Fat Politics: The Real Story behind America’s Obesity Epidemic. New Ed ed. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 2006. Print.
  132. Parker, B., Noakes, M., Luscombe, N. & Clifton, P. (2002) Effect of a high-protein, monounsaturated fat weight loss diet on glycemic control and lipid levels in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 25:425-430.
  133. Petersen CB, Thygesen LC, Helge JW, Grønbaek M, Tolstrup JS. Time trends in physical activity in leisure time in the Danish population from 1987 to 2005. Scand J Public Health. 2010 Mar;38(2):121-8. Epub 2010 Jan 11. PubMed PMID: 20064919.
  134. Petersen L, Schnohr P, Sørensen TI. Longitudinal study of the long-term relation between physical activity and obesity in adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Jan;28(1):105-12. PubMed PMID: 14647181.
  135. Petersen L, Torensen, TIA. Is physical inactivity the cause or the consequence of obesity? In: Bouchard, Claude, Alfredo Halpern, and Geraldo Medeiros-Neto. Progress in Obesity Research: 9. manhattan: Food & Nutrition Pr, 2003. Print.
  136. Phillip B. Goldblatt; Mary E. Moore; Apoundert J. Stunkard Social Factors in Obesity JAMA. 1965;192(12):1039-1044.
  137. Phinney SD. Weight cycling and cardiovascular risk in obese men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Oct;56(4):781-2. PubMed PMID: 1414977.
  138. Piatti PM, Monti F, Fermo I, Baruffaldi L, Nasser R, Santambrogio G, Librenti MC, Galli-Kienle M, Pontiroli AE, Pozza G. Hypocaloric high-protein diet improves glucose oxidation and spares lean body mass: comparison to hypocaloric high-carbohydrate diet. Metabolism. 1994 Dec;43(12):1481-7. PubMed PMID: 7990700.
  139. Pirozzo S, Summerbell C, Cameron C, Glasziou P. Should we recommend low-fat diets for obesity? Obes Rev. 2003 May;4(2):83-90. Review. Erratum in: Obes Rev. 2003 Aug;4(3):185. PubMed PMID: 12760443.
  140. Poehlman ET, Mepoundy C. Resistance training and energy balance. Int J Sport Nutr. 1998 Jun;8(2):143-59. Review. PubMed PMID: 9637193.
  141. Poehlman ET, Mepoundy CL, Goran MI. The impact of exercise and diet restriction on daily energy expenditure. Sports Med. 1991 Feb;11(2):78-101. Review.
  142. Pollock ML, Gettman LR, Milesis CA, Bah MD, Durstine L, Johnson RB. Effects of frequency and duration of training on attrition and incidence of injury. Med SciSports. 1977 Spring;9(1):31-6. PubMed PMID: 870782.
  143. Ravussin E, Burnand B, Schutz Y, et al: Energy expenditure before and during energy restriction in obese patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 41:753-759
  144. Riestra JL, Skowsky WR, Martinez I, Swan L. Passive transfer of an appetite suppressant factor. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1977 Nov;156(2):236-40. PubMed PMID: 337318.
  145. Roberts, Seth. The Shangri-La Diet: The No Hunger Eat Anything Weight-Loss Plan. Chicago: Perigee Trade, 2007. Print.
  146. Rony, Hugo R.. Obesity and Leanness. London, Great Britian : Lea & Febiger, 1940. Print.
  147. Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J, Gallagher DA, Leibel RL. Long-term persistence of adaptive thermogenesis in subjects who have maintained a reduced body weight. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Oct;88(4):906-12. PubMed PMID: 18842775.
  148. Rosenbaum M, Murphy EM, Heymsfield SB, Matthews DE, Leibel RL. Low dose leptin administration reverses effects of sustained weight-reduction on energy expenditure and circulating concentrations of thyroid hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 May;87(5):2391-4. PubMed PMID: 11994393.
  149. Ross R, Janssen I. Physical activity, total and regional obesity: dose-response considerations. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Jun;33(6 Suppl):S521-7;discussion S528-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 11427779.
  150. Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily D, Mcgrory J: A low carbohydrate as compared with a low fat diet in severe obesity. N Eng J Med348 :2074 –2081,2003 .
  151. Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily DA, McGrory J, Williams T, Williams M, Gracely EJ, Stern L. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 22;348(21):2074-81. PubMed PMID: 12761364.
  152. Schoenborn CA, Adams PF, Barnes PM. Body weight status of adults: United States, 1997–98. Adv Data 2002;330:1–15.
  153. Shah M, Miller DS, Geissler CA. Lower metabolic rates of post-obese versus lean women: Thermogenesis, basal metabolic rate and genetics. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1988 Sep;42(9):741-52. PubMed PMID: 3181107.
  154. Simon, Michele. Appetite for Profit: How the food industry undermines our health and how to fight back. New York City, New York: Nation Books, 2006. Print.
  155. Skov AR, Toubro S, Rønn B, Holm L, Astrup A. Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999 May;23(5):528-36. PubMed PMID: 10375057.
  156. Skov, A. R., Toubro, S., Ronn, B., Holm, L. & Astrup, A. (1999) Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity. Int. J. Obes. 23:528-536.
  157. Sondike, S., et al. “The Ketogenic Diet Increases Weight Loss But Not Cardiovascular Risk: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of Adolescent Health 26: 91, 2000
  158. Sopko G, Jacobs DR Jr, Taylor HL. Dietary measures of physical activity. Am J Epidemiol. 1984 Dec;120(6):900-11. PubMed PMID: 6507429.
  159. Stice E Cameron RP Killen JD Hayward C Barr Taylor C (1999) Naturalistic weight-reduction efforts prospectively predict growth in relative weight and onset of obesity among female adolescents J Consult Clin Psychol 67 967 – 974
  160. Stunkard, A., and M. McClaren-Hume. 1959. “The Results of Treatment for Obesity: A Review of the Literature and a Report of a Series.” Archives of Internal Medicine. Jan.;103(I):79-85.
  161. Summerbell CD, Cameron C, Glasziou PP. WITHDRAWN: Advice on low-fat diets for obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD003640. Review. PubMed PMID: 18646093.
  162. Taubes, Gary. Why we get fat and what to do about it. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011. Print.
  163. Thorpe GL. Treating overweight patients. J Am Med Assoc. 1957 Nov 16;165(11):1361-5. PubMed PMID: 13475044.
  164. Volek J, Sharman M, Gómez A, Judelson D, Rubin M, Watson G, Sokmen B, Silvestre R, French D, Kraemer W. Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Nov 8;1(1):13. PubMed PMID:15533250; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC538279.
  165. Walks D, Lavau M, Presta E, Yang MU, Björntorp P. Refeeding after fasting in the rat: effects of dietary-induced obesity on energy balance regulation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1983 Mar;37(3):387-95. PubMed PMID: 6338694.
  166. Weigle DS, Breen PA, Matthys CC, Callahan HS, Meeuws KE, Burden VR, Purnell JQ. A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jul;82(1):41-8
  167. Weigle DS, Sande KJ, Iverius PH, Monsen ER, Brunzell JD. Weight loss leads to a marked decrease in nonresting energy expenditure in ambulatory human subjects. Metabolism. 1988 Oct;37(10):930-6. PubMed PMID: 3173112.
  168. Weigle DS. Human obesity. Exploding the myths. West J Med. 1990 Oct;153(4):421-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 2244378; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1002573.
  169. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Lejeune MP, Nijs I, van Ooijen M, Kovacs EM. High protein intake sustains weight maintenance after body weight loss in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Jan;28(1):57-64.
  170. Whipp BJ, Bray G, Koyal SN: Exercise energetics in normal man following acute weight gain. Am J Clin Nutr 1973; 26:1284-1286
  171. Whitehead, Saffron A.; Nussey, Stephen (2001). Endocrinology: an integrated approach. Oxford: BIOS. pp. 122. ISBN 1-85996-252-1.
  172. Wolfe RR. The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Sep;84(3):475-82. Review. PubMed PMID: 16960159.
  173. Wooley SC, Garner DM. Dietary treatments for obesity are ineffective. BMJ. 1994 Sep 10;309(6955):655-6. PubMed PMID: 8086992; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2541482.
  174. Worthington BS, Taylor LE: Balanced low calorie vs high protein, low carbohydrate reducing diets. J Am Diet Assoc64 :47 –51,1974 .
  175. Yancy Jr WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, Bakst RP, Westman EC: A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med140 :769 –777,2004
  176. Young EA, Harris MM, Cantu TL, Ghidoni JJ, Crawley R. Hepatic response to a very-low-energy diet and refeeding in rats. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993 Jun;57(6):857-62. PubMed PMID: 8503353.

A Calorie is Not a Calorie

  1. Acheson KJ, Schutz Y, Bessard T, Anantharaman K, Flatt JP, Jéquier E. Glycogen storage capacity and de novo lipogenesis during massive carbohydrate overfeeding in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Aug;48(2):240-7. PubMed PMID: 3165600.
  2. Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism, James L. Groff, and Sareen S. Gropper
  3. Anderson, G.H., and Woodend, D., “Effect of glycemic carbohydrates on short-term satiety and food intake,” Nutr Rev 2003; 61(5): 17-26
  4. Araya, H., et al., “Short-term satiety in preschool children: a comparison between high protein meal and a high complex carbohydrate meal,” Int J Food Sci Nutr 2000; 51(2): 119-124
  5. Augustin LS, Franceschi S, Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, La Vecchia C. Glycemic index in chronic disease: a review. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Nov;56(11):1049-71.Review. PubMed PMID: 12428171.
  6. Baba NH, Sawaya S, Torbay N, Habbal Z, Azar S, Hashim SA: High protein vs high carbohydrate hypoenergetic diet for the treatment of obese hyperinsulinemic subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999, 23:1202-6.
  7. Bailes JR, Strow MT, Werthammer J, McGinnis RA, Elitsur Y. Effect of low-carbohydrate, unlimited calorie diet on the treatment of childhood obesity: a prospective controlled study. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2003 Sep;1(3):221-5. PubMed PMID: 18370665.
  8. Barkeling B, Rössner S, Björvell H. Effects of a high-protein meal (meat) and a high-carbohydrate meal (vegetarian) on satiety measured by automated computerized monitoring of subsequent food intake, motivation to eat and food preferences. Int J Obes. 1990 Sep;14(9):743-51. PubMed PMID: 2228407.
  9. Bell EA, Rolls BJ. Energy density of foods affects energy intake across multiple levels of fat content in lean and obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Jun;73(6):1010-8. PubMed PMID: 11382653.
  10. Bell, E.A., et al., “Sensory-specific satiety is affected more by volume than by energy content of a liquid food,” Phys Behav 2003; 78(4): 593-600
  11. Benoit FL, Martin RL, Watten RH. Changes in body composition during weight reduction in obesity. Balance studies comparing effects of fasting and a ketogenic diet. Ann Intern Med. 1965 Oct;63(4):604-12. PubMed PMID: 5838326.
  12. Blundell John E., Stubbs R. James. Diet Composition and the Control of Food Intake in Humans In: Bray GA, Couchard d, James WP, eds. Handbook of Obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997: 243-272.
  13. Blundell, J.E., and MacDiarmid, J.I., “Fat as a risk factor for overconsumption: satiation, satiety, and patterns of eating,” J Am Diet Assoc 1997 97(7): S63-S69
  14. Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Stein TP. Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Mar 15;142(6):403-11. PubMed PMID: 15767618.
  15. Booth DA, Chase A, Campbell AT. Relative effectiveness of protein in the late stages of appetite suppression in man. Physiol Behav. 1970 Nov;5(11):1299-302.PubMed PMID: 5524514.
  16. Børsheim E, Bui Q-UT, Tissier S, Kobayashi H, Ferrando AA, Wolfe RR. Effect of amino acid supplementation in insulin sensitivity in elderly. Fed Proc (in press).
  17. Boyle PC, Storlein LH, Keesey RE. Increased efficiency of food utilization following weight loss. Physiol Behav. 1978 Aug;21(2):261-4. PubMed PMID: 693652.
  18. Brand-Miller J. Diets with a low glycemic index: From theory to practice. Nutrition Today. 1999;34:64–72.
  19. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels SR, D’Alessio DA: A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab88 :1617 –1623,2003
  20. Buchholz AC, Schoeller DA. Is a calorie a calorie? Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 May;79(5):899S-906S. Review. PubMed PMID: 15113737.
  21. Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D, von Bergmann K, Grundy SM, Brinkley LJ. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 11;342(19):1392-8. PubMed PMID: 10805824.
  22. Colagiuri S, Brand Miller J. The ‘carnivore connection’–evolutionary aspects of insulin resistance. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Mar;56 Suppl 1:S30-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 11965520.
  23. Cordain L, Eaton SB, Sebastian A, Mann N, Lindeberg S, Watkins BA, O’Keefe JH, Brand-Miller J. Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Feb;81(2):341-54. Review. PubMed PMID: 15699220.
  24. Cordain, Loren, and Joe Friel. The Paleo diet for athletes: a nutritional formula for peak athletic performance. Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale, 2005. Print.
  25. Cox, Michael M., Apoundert L. Lehninger, and David L. Nelson. Principles of Biochemistry. 3rd ed. New York: W.H. Freeman & Company, 2000. Print.
  26. Drewnowski A. Concept of a nutritious food: Toward a nutrient density score. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Oct;82(4):721-32. PubMed PMID: 16210699.
  27. Drewnowski A. The role of energy density. Lipids. 2003 Feb;38(2):109-15. Review. PubMed PMID: 12733741.
  28. Elliott SS, Keim NL, Stern JS, Teff K, Havel PJ. Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Nov;76(5):911-22. Review. PubMed PMID: 12399260.
  29. FAO/OMS/UNU. Necessidades de energia e proteína: Série de relatos técnicos 724. Genebra: Organização Mundial da Saúde, 1998.
  30. Farnsworth E, Luscombe ND, Noakes M, Wittert G, Argyiou E, Clifton PM. Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on body composition, glycemic control, and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese hyperinsulinemic men and women.Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jul;78(1):31-9.
  31. Feinman RD, Fine EJ. “A calorie is a calorie” violates the second law of thermodynamics. Nutr J. 2004 Jul 28;3:9. PubMed PMID: 15282028; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC506782.
  32. Fine EJ, Feinman RD. Thermodynamics of weight loss diets. Nutr Metab (Lond).2004 Dec 8;1(1):15. PubMed PMID: 15588283; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC543577.
  33. Flatt JP. Conversion of carbohydrate to fat in adipose tissue: an energy-yielding and, therefore, self-limiting process. J Lipid Res. 1970 Mar;11(2):131-43. PubMed PMID: 4392141.
  34. Flatt JP. Energetics of intermediary metabolism. In: Garrow JS, Halliday D, eds. Substrate and Energy Metabolism in Man. London: Libbey, 1985: 58.
  35. Ford ES, Liu S. Glycemic index and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration among U.S. adults. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:572-576.
  36. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, McGuckin BG, Brill C, Mohammed S: A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet. N Eng J Med348 :2082 –2090,2003
  37. Foster-Powell K, Holt SH, Brand-Miller JC. International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Jul;76(1):5-56. PubMed PMID: 12081815.
  38. Frost G, Keogh B, Smith D, Akinsanya K, Leeds A.(1996). The effect of low-glycemic carbohydrate on insulin and glucose response in vivo and in vitro in patients with coronary heart disease. Metabolism, 45: 669-672.
  39. Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ, Saeed A, Jordan K, Hoover H. An increase in dietary protein improves the blood glucose response in persons with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Oct;78(4):734-41. PubMed PMID: 14522731.
  40. Golay A, Allaz AF, Morel Y, de Tonnac N, Tankova S, Reaven G: Similar weight loss with low- or high-carbohydrate diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1996, 63:174-8.
  41. Golay A, Eigenheer C, Morel Y, Kujawski P, Lehmann T, de Tonnac N: Weight-loss with low or high carbohydrate diet? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996, 20:1067-72.
  42. Green, S.M., et al., “Effect of fat- and sucrose-containing foods on the size of eating episodes and energy intake in lean males: potential for causing overconsumption,” Eur J Clin Nutr 1994; 48(8): 547-555
  43. Greene P, Willett W, Devecis J, Skaf A: Pilot 12-Week Feeding Weight-Loss Comparison: Low-Fat vs Low-Carbohydrate (Ketogenic) Diets. Obesity Research 2003, 11:A23.
  44. Guinard, J-X, and Brun, P., “Sensory-specific satiety: comparison of taste and texture effects,” Appetite 1998; 31(2): 141-157
  45. Haber GB, Heaton KW, Murphy D, Burroughs LF. (1977). Depletion and disruption of dietary fibre. Effects on satiety, plasma-glucose, and serum-insulin. Lancet, 2: 679-682.
  46. Halton TL, Hu FB. The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Oct;23(5):373-85. Review. PubMed PMID: 15466943.
  47. Harvey RF. Gut peptides and the control of food intake. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983 Nov 26;287(6405):1572-4. PubMed PMID: 6416508; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1549802.
  48. Havel PJ. Dietary fructose: implications for dysregulation of energy homeostasis and lipid/carbohydrate metabolism. Nutr Rev. 2005 May;63(5):133-57.Review. PubMed PMID: 15971409.
  49. Hellerstein MK. De novo lipogenesis in humans: metabolic and regulatory aspects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999 Apr;53 Suppl 1:S53-65. Review. PubMed PMID:10365981.
  50. Hill AJ, Blundell JE: Macronutrients and satiety; the effects of a high protein or high carbohydrate meal on subjective motivation to eat and food preferences. Nutr Behav3 :133 –144,1986 .
  51. Holt S, Brand J, Soveny C, Hansky J. (1992). Relationship of satiety to postprandial glycaemic, insulin and cholecystokinin responses. Appetite, 18: 129-141.
  52. Holt SH, Miller JB. (1994). Particle size, satiety and the glycaemic response. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 48: 496-502.
  53. Holt SH, Miller JC, Petocz P, Farmakalidis E. A satiety index of common foods. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995 Sep;49(9):675-90. PubMed PMID: 7498104.
  54. Holt SH, Miller JC, Petocz P. An insulin index of foods: The insulin demand generated by 1000-kJ portions of common foods. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Nov;66(5):1264-76. PubMed PMID: 9356547.
  55. Holt, S.A., et al., “The effects of equal-energy portions of different breads on blood glucose levels, feelings of fullness and subsequent food intake,” J Am Diet Assoc 2001; 101(7): 767-773
  56. Holt, S.H., et al., “A satiety index of common foods,” Eur J Clin Nutr 1995 Sep; 49(9): 675-690
  57. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone_phosphate
  58. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose_1,6-bisphosphate
  59. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate
  60. http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/
  61. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-does-200-calories-look-like.htm
  62. Hue L. Regulation of gluconeogenesis in liver: In Handbook of Physiology – Section 7: The Endocrine System – Volume II: The Endocrine Pancreas and Regulation of Metabolism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 649-657, 2001.
  63. Jenkins DJ, Jenkins AL. Dietary fiber and the glycemic response. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1985;180:422-431.
  64. Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Collier GR, Ocana A, Rao AV, Buckley G, Lam Y, Mayer A, Thompson LU. Metabolic effects of a low-glycemic-index diet. Am J Clin Nutr.
  65. Jéquier E, Acheson K, Schutz Y. Assessment of energy expenditure and fuel utilization in man. Annu Rev Nutr. 1987;7:187-208. Review. PubMed PMID: 3300732.
  66. Jéquier E. Pathways to obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002 Sep;26 Suppl 2:S12-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 12174324.
  67. Johnston CS, Day CS, Swan PD. Postprandial thermogenesis is increased 100% on a high-protein, low-fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in healthy, young women. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002 Feb;21(1):55-61. PubMed PMID: 11838888.
  68. Keesey RE, Powley TL. The regulation of body weight. Annu Rev Psychol.1986;37:109-33. PubMed PMID: 3963779.
  69. Kekwick A, Pawan GL. Calorie intake in relation to body-weight changes in the obese. Lancet. 1956 Jul 28;271(6935):155-61. PubMed PMID: 13347103.
  70. Krieger JW, Sitren HS, Daniels MJ, Langkamp-Henken B. Effects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body mass and composition during energy restriction: a meta-regression 1. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Feb;83(2):260-74. PubMed PMID: 16469983.
  71. Lamarche B, Tchernof A, Mauriege P, et al. Fasting insulin and apolipoprotein B levels and low-density lipoprotein particle size as risk factors for ischemic heart disease. JAMA. 1998;279:1955-1961.
  72. Lasker DA, Evans EM, Layman DK. Moderate carbohydrate, moderate protein weight loss diet reduces cardiovascular disease risk compared to high carbohydrate, low protein diet in obese adults: A randomized clinical trial. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2008 Nov 7;5:30. PubMed PMID: 18990242; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2585565.
  73. Layman DK, Boileau RA, Erickson DJ, Painter JE, Shiue H, Sather C, Christou DD: A reduced ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein improves body composition and blood lipid profiles during weight loss in adult women. J Nutr 2003, 133:411-7.
  74. Layman DK. Dietary Guidelines should reflect new understandings about adult protein needs. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2009 Mar 13;6:12. PubMed PMID: 19284668; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2666737.
  75. Lean ME, Han TS, Prvan T, Richmond PR, Avenell A: Weight loss with high and low carbohydrate 1200 kcal diets in free living women. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997, 51:243-8.
  76. Leathwood P, Pollet P. (1988). Effects of slow release carbohydrates in the form of bean flakes on the evolution of hunger and satiety in man. Appetite, 10: 1-11.
  77. Leeds AR. Glycemic index and heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr.2002;76:286S-289S.
  78. Lejeune MP, Kovacs EM, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Additional protein intake limits weight regain after weight loss in humans. Br J Nutr. 2005 Feb;93(2):281-9. PubMed PMID: 15788122.
  79. Liljeberg HG, Akerberg AK, Bjorck IM.(1999). Effect of the glycemic index and content of indigestible carbohydrates of cereal-based breakfast meals on glucose tolerance at lunch in healthy subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 69: 647-655.
  80. Liu S, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Franz M, Sampson L, Hennekens CH, Manson JE. A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in U.S. women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jun;71(6):1455-61. PubMed PMID: 10837285.
  81. Ludwig DS, Majzoub JA, Al-Zahrani A, Dallal GE, Blanco I, Roberts SB. High glycemic index foods, overeating, and obesity. Pediatrics. 1999 Mar;103(3):E26. PubMed PMID: 10049982.
  82. Ludwig DS. The glycemic index: physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 2002; 287:2414-2423.
  83. Manninen AH. Is a calorie really a calorie? Metabolic advantage of low-carbohydrate diets. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2004 Dec 31;1(2):21-6. PubMed PMID: 18500946; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2129158.
  84. Marmonier, C., et al., “Effects of macronutrient content and energy density of snacks consumed in a satiety state on the onset of the next meal,” Appetite 2000; 34(2): 161-168
  85. Mayes PA. Intermediary metabolism of fructose. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993 Nov;58(5 Suppl):754S-765S. Review. PubMed PMID: 8213607.
  86. McAuley KA, Hopkins CM, Smith KJ, McLay RT, Williams SM, Taylor RW, Mann JI. Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women. Diabetologia. 2005 Jan;48(1):8-16.
  87. McAuley KA, Smith KJ, Taylor RW, McLay RT, Williams SM, Mann JI. Long-term effects of popular dietary approaches on weight loss and features of insulin resistance. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006 Feb;30(2):342-9.
  88. Miller WC. Diet composition, energy intake, and nutritional status in relation to obesity in men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991 Mar;23(3):280-4. Review.PubMed PMID: 2020264.
  89. ML Piatti PM, Magni F, Fermo I, Baruffaldi L, Nasser R, Santambrogia G, Librenti MC, Galli-Kienle M, Pontiroli AE, Pozza G: Hypocaloric High-Protein Diet Improves Glucose Oxidation and Spares Lean Body Mass: Comparison to High-Carbohydrate Diet. Metabolism 1994, 43:1481-87.
  90. Nestle, Marion. What to Eat. 1 ed. New York: North Point Press, 2007. Print.
  91. Noakes M, Keogh JB, Foster PR, Clifton PM. Effect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet relative to a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional status, and markers of cardiovascular health in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jun;81(6):1298-306.
  92. Nuttall FQ, Gannon MC. Metabolic response of people with type 2 diabetes to a high protein diet. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Sep 13;1(1):652.
  93. Nuttall FQ, Gannon MC. The metabolic response to a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2006 Feb;55(2):243-51.
  94. Obesity and leanness. Basic aspects. Stock, M., Rothwell, N., Author Affiliation: Dep. Physiology, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, London Univ., London, UK.
  95. O’Keefe JH Jr, Cordain L. Cardiovascular disease resulting from a diet and lifestyle at odds with our Paleolithic genome: how to become a 21st-century hunter-gatherer.Mayo Clin Proc 2004 Jan;79(1):101-8.
  96. Paddon-Jones D, Westman E, Mattes RD, Wolfe RR, Astrup A, Westerterp-Plantenga M. Protein, weight management, and satiety. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 May;87(5):1558S-1561S. Review. PubMed PMID: 18469287.
  97. Pasman, W.J., et al., “Effect of one week of fiber supplementation on hunger and satiety ratings and energy intake,” Appetite 29(1): 77-87
  98. Porrini, M., et al., “Effects of physical and chemical characteristics of food on specific and general satiety,” Phys Behav 1995; 57(3): 461-468
  99. Porrini, M., et al., “Evaluation of satiety sensations and food intake after different preloads,” Appetite 1995; 25(1): 17-30
  100. Potter JG, Coffman KP, Reid RL, Krall JM, Apoundrink MJ. Effect of test meals of varying dietary fiber content on plasma insulin and glucose response. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34:328-334.
  101. Powell JJ, Tucker L, Seafooder AG, Wilcox K. The effects of different percentages of dietary fat intake, exercise, and calorie restriction on body composition and body weight in obese females. Am J Health Promot. 1994 Jul-Aug;8(6):442-8. PubMed PMID: 10161100.
  102. Rabast U, Hahn A, Reiners C, Ehl M: Thyroid hormone changes in obese subjects during fasting and a very-low-calorie diet. Int J Obes 1981, 5:305-11.
  103. Rabast U, Kasper H, Schonborn J: Comparative studies in obese subjects fed carbohydrate-restricted and high carbohydrate 1,000-calorie formula diets. Nutr Metab 1978, 22:269-77.
  104. Rigaud, D., et al., “Effects of a moderate dietary fiber supplement on hunger rating, energy input and faecal energy output in young, healthy volunteers. A randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial,” Int J Obes 1987; 11(1): 73-78
  105. Roberts SB. High-glycemic index foods, hunger, and obesity: is there a connection? Nutr Rev. 2000 Jun;58(6):163-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 10885323.
  106. Rodin J, Reed D, Jamner L. (1988). Metabolic effects of fructose and glucose: implications for food intake. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 47: 683-689.
  107. Rolls BJ, Bell EA, Castellanos VH, Chow M, Pelkman CL, Thorwart ML. Energy density but not fat content of foods affected energy intake in lean and obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 May;69(5):863-71. PubMed PMID: 10232624.
  108. Rolls, B.J., and Roe, L.S., “Effect of the volume of liquid food infused intragastrically on satiety in women,” Phys Behav 2002; 76(4): 623-631
  109. Salmeron J, Ascherio A, Rimm EB et al. (1997a). Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of NIDDM in men. Diabetes Care, 20: 545-550.
  110. Salmeron J, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Wing AL, Willett WC. (1997b). Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA, 277: 472-477.
  111. Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily D, Mcgrory J: A low carbohydrate as compared with a low fat diet in severe obesity. N Eng J Med348 :2074 –2081,2003 .
  112. Schoeller DA, Buchholz AC. Energetics of obesity and weight control: does diet composition matter? J Am Diet Assoc. 2005 May;105(5 Suppl 1):S24-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 15867892.
  113. Schutz Y, Jequier E. Resting Energy Expenditure, thermic Effect of Food, and Total Energy Expenditure In: Bray GA, Couchard d, James WP, eds. Handbook of Obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997: 443-456.
  114. Skov AR, Toubro S, Rønn B, Holm L, Astrup A. Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999 May;23(5):528-36. PubMed PMID: 10375057.
  115. Smith GP, Gibbs J. The effect of gut peptides on hunger, satiety, and food intake in humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1987;499:132-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 3300478.
  116. Stubbs RJ, van Wyk MC, Johnstone AM, Harbron CG. Breakfasts high in protein, fat or carbohydrate: effect on within-day appetite and energy balance. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996 Jul;50(7):409-17. PubMed PMID: 8862476.
  117. Tappy L, Jéquier E. Fructose and dietary thermogenesis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993 Nov;58(5 Suppl):766S-770S. Review. PubMed PMID: 8213608.
  118. Taubes, Gary. Good Calories, Bad Calories: Fats, Carbohydrates, and the Controversial Science of Diet and Health (Vintage). New York: Anchor, 2008. Print.
  119. Trout DL, Behall KM, Osilesi O. Prediction of glycemic index for starchy foods. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;58:873-878.
  120. USDA SR-21
  121. van Amelsvoort JM, Weststrate JA. (1992). Amylose-amylopectin ratio in a meal affects postprandial variables in male volunteers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 55: 712-718.
  122. Veldhorst MA, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Westerterp KR. Gluconeogenesis and energy expenditure after a high-protein, carbohydrate-free diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Sep;90(3):519-26. Epub 2009 Jul 29. PubMed PMID: 19640952.
  123. Volek, Jeff, and Stephen D. Phinney. The art and science of low carbohydrate living: an expert guide to making the life-saving benefits of carbohydrate restriction sustainable and enjoyable. Lexington, KY: Beyond Obesity, 2011. Print.
  124. Weigle DS, Breen PA, Matthys CC, Callahan HS, Meeuws KE, Burden VR, Purnell JQ. A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jul;82(1):41-8
  125. Weigle DS. Human obesity. Exploding the myths. West J Med. 1990 Oct;153(4):421-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 2244378; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1002573.
  126. Welch IM, Bruce C, Hill SE, Read NW.(1987). Duodenal and ileal lipid suppresses postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses in man: possible implications for the dietary management of diabetes mellitus. Clin. Sci. (Lond), 72: 209-216.
  127. Wertheimer, E., and Shapiro, B., the physiology of adipose tissue, Physiol. Rev., 1948, 28, 451.
  128. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Lejeune MP, Nijs I, van Ooijen M, Kovacs EM. High protein intake sustains weight maintenance after body weight loss in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Jan;28(1):57-64.
  129. Westerterp-Plantenga MS. The significance of protein in food intake and body weight regulation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003 Nov;6(6):635-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 14557793.
  130. Whitehead, Saffron A.; Nussey, Stephen (2001). Endocrinology: an integrated approach. Oxford: BIOS. pp. 122. ISBN 1-85996-252-1.
  131. Willett WC. Is dietary fat a major determinant of body fat? Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Mar;67(3 Suppl):556S-562S. Review. Erratum in: Am J Clin Nutr 1999 Aug;70(2):304. PubMed PMID: 9497170.
  132. Wolfe RR. The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Sep;84(3):475-82. Review. PubMed PMID: 16960159.
  133. Worthington BS, Taylor LE: Balanced low calorie vs high protein, low carbohydrate reducing diets. J Am Diet Assoc64 :47 –51,1974 .
  134. Yancy Jr WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, Bakst RP, Westman EC: A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med140 :769 –777,2004
  135. Young CM, Scanlan SS, Im HS, Lutwak L: Effect of body composition and other parameters in obese young men of carbohydrate level of reduction diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1971, 24:290-6.

Why Hormones Matter/The Moderation Myth

  1. “APPENDIX I: HISTORY OF DIETARY GUIDELINES FOR AMERICANS.” Health.gov | Your Portal to Health Information from the U.S. Government. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2010. .
  2. “CDC – Diabetes Public Health Resources – Diabetes Projects – Children and Diabetes – More Information.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2010. .
  3. “Cholesterol : LIPID MAPS–Nature Lipidomics Gateway.” Home : LIPID MAPS–Nature Lipidomics Gateway. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2011. .
  4. “Daily Doc: Lorillard, Aug 30, 1978: ‘The base of our business is the high school student’.” Tobacco.org : Welcome. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2010. .
  5. “Diabetes Epidemic out of Control.” International Diabetes Federation | IDF. Web. 12 Apr. 2010. .
  6. “Diabetes mellitus.” Belinda Rowland., Teresa G. Odle., and Tish Davidson, A. M. The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. Ed. Laurie Fundukian. 3rd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2009. 4 vols.
  7. “Economics of the Food and Fiber System.” USDA Economic Research Service – Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 June 2010. .
  8. “Investor Relations.” Nestle Global – Homepage template. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 June 2010. .
  9. “Jan. 4, 1954: TIRC Announced.” Tobacco.org : Welcome. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2010. .
  10. “Lobbying Spending Database | OpenSecrets.” OpenSecrets.org: Money in Politics — See Who’s Giving & Who’s Getting. N.p., n.d. Web. .
  11. “Tobacco CEO’s Statement to Congress.” UCSF Academic Senate. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2010. .
  12. .P.J. Skerrett, and W.C. Willett. Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy: The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating. Free Press Trade Pbk. Ed ed. New York City: Free Press, 2005.
  13. [Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith SC, Jr, Spertus JA Costa F. Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005, 112:2735-2752: originally published online September 12, 2005; doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404]
  14. 195,000 years of human history. Agriculture emerged 10,000 years ago. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7020–oldest-known-humans-just-got-older.html
  15. 2000 U.S.DA DietaryGuidelines: http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/DietaryGuidelines/2000/2000DGProfessionalBooklet.pdf
  16. 2005 U.S.DA Dietary Guidelines: http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/DietaryGuidelines/2005/2005DGPolicyDocument.pdf
  17. 2010 U.S.DA Dietary Guidelines: http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/DGAs2010-PolicyDocument.htm
  18. A sampling studies documenting the starch’s role on diabetes are provided below.
  19. Abbasi F, Brown BW Jr, Lamendola C, McLaughlin T, Reaven GM. Relationship between obesity, insulin resistance, and coronary heart disease risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Sep 4;40(5):937-43. PubMed PMID: 12225719.
  20. Accurso A, Bernstein RK, Dahlqvist A, Draznin B, Feinman RD, Fine EJ, Gleed A, Jacobs DB, Larson G, Lustig RH, Manninen AH, McFarlane SI, Morrison K, Nielsen JV, Ravnskov U, Roth KS, Silvestre R, Sowers JR, Sundberg R, Volek JS, Westman EC, Wood RJ, Wortman J, Vernon MC. Dietary carbohydrate restriction in type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: Time for a critical appraisal. NutrMetab (Lond). 2008 Apr 8;5:9. PubMed PMID: 18397522; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2359752.
  21. Agriculture started about 12,000 years ago. Our ancestors débuted about 5,000,000. Early food processing—canning etc—started about 200 years ago. Low-calorie food engineering started about 60 years ago. All of human evolution = 5,000,000 divided by 24 hours in a day = 208,333.33. A day has 86,400 seconds in it. One second is .0016% of a day. Smallest increment needed = 60 years…which is 0.0012% of all of human evolution. .0012% of a day is 86,400 seconds times .000012 is about 1 second. 12,000 years is .024% of human evolution. 0.24% of a day is .0024 times 86,400 seconds which is about 207 seconds, or 3 and a half minutes. 200 is 0.004% of all of human evolution. .00004 times 86,400 seconds is about 3.5 seconds.
  22. Ali H. Mokdad; James S. Marks; Donna F. Stroup; Julie L. Gerberding Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000 JAMA. 2004;291(10):1238-1245.
  23. Amy NK, Aapoundorg A, Lyons P, Keranen K. Barriers to routing gynecological cancer screening for White and African-American obese women. In J Obes. 2006; 30: 147-155.
  24. Anderson JW, Story LJ, Zettwoch NC, Gustafson NJ, Jefferson BS. Metabolic effects of fructose supplementation in diabetic individuals. Diabetes Care. 1989 May;12(5):337-44. PubMed PMID: 2721342.
  25. Anderson KM, Castelli WP, Levy D. Cholesterol and mortality. 30 years of follow-up from the Framingham study. JAMA 1987; 257:2176–80.
  26. Apoundert CM, Campos H, Stampfer MJ, et al. Blood levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the risk of sudden death. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1113-1118.
  27. Apoundert CM, Gaziano JM, Willett WC, Manson JE. Nut consumption and decreased risk of sudden cardiac death in the Physicians’ Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1382-1387.
  28. Apoundu J. Pi-Sunyer F. Obesity and Diabetes In: Bray GA, Couchard d, James WP, eds. Handbook of Obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997: 697-707.
  29. Arefhosseini SR, Edwards CA, Malkova D, Higgins S. Effect of advice to increase carbohydrate and reduce fat intake on dietary profile and plasma lipid concentrations in healthy postmenopausal women. Ann Nutr Metab. 2009;54(2):138-44. Epub 2009 Apr 1. PubMed PMID: 19339775.
  30. Arthaud JB. Cause of death in 339 Alaskan natives as determined by autopsy. Arch Pathol. 1970 Nov;90(5):433-8. PubMed PMID: 5476239.
  31. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Spiegelman D, Stampfer M, Willett WC. Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: cohort follow up study in the United States. BMJ. 1996 Jul 13;313(7049):84-90. PubMed PMID: 8688759; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2351515.
  32. Augustin LS, Franceschi S, Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, La Vecchia C. Glycemic index in chronic disease: a review. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Nov;56(11):1049-71. Review. PubMed PMID: 12428171.
  33. Avena NM, Bocarsly ME, Hoebel BG. Animal models of sugar and fat bingeing: relationship to food addiction and increased body weight. Methods Mol Biol. 2012;829:351-65. PubMed PMID: 22231826.
  34. Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG. Evidence for sugar addiction: behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008;32(1):20-39. Epub 2007 May 18. Review. PubMed PMID: 17617461; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2235907.
  35. Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG. Sugar and fat bingeing have notable differences in addictive-like behavior. J Nutr. 2009 Mar;139(3):623-8. Epub 2009 Jan 28. Review. PubMed PMID: 19176748; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2714381.
  36. Avena NM, Wang M, Gold MS. (2011) Implications of food addiction and drug use in obesity. Psychiatric Annals 41(10): 478-482.
  37. Avena, N. M., Wang, M., & Gold, M. S. (2011). Implications of food addiction and drug use in obesity. Psychiatric Annals, 41(10), 478-482. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20110921-06
  38. Baba NH, Sawaya S, Torbay N, Habbal Z, Azar S, Hashim SA: High protein vs high carbohydrate hypoenergetic diet for the treatment of obese hyperinsulinemic subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999, 23:1202-6.
  39. Barry D, Clarke M, Petry NM. Obesity and its relationship to addictions: is overeating a form of addictive behavior? Am J Addict. 2009 Nov-Dec;18(6):439-51. Review. PubMed PMID: 19874165; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2910406.
  40. Based on NHANES data. Int J Obes 1998;22:39-47.JAMA 2002;288:1723.MMWR 2004;53:80-82.
  41. Based on NHANES data. MMWR 2004;53:80-82.Diabetes Care 2004;27:2806.
  42. Beck J. Teen suspended from school for wearing Pepsi T-shirt on Coke Day. Chicago Tribune, April 1, 1998.
  43. Bell EA, Rolls BJ. Energy density of foods affects energy intake across multiple levels of fat content in lean and obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Jun;73(6):1010-8. PubMed PMID: 11382653.
  44. Blüher M, Michael MD, Peroni OD, Ueki K, Carter N, Kahn BB, Kahn CR. Adipose tissue selective insulin receptor knockout protects against obesity and obesity-related glucose intolerance. Dev Cell. 2002 Jul;3(1):25-38. PubMed PMID: 12110165.
  45. Bocarsly ME, Powell ES, Avena NM, Hoebel BG. High-fructose corn syrup causes characteristics of obesity in rats: Increased body weight, body fat and triglyceride levels. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2010 Feb 26. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20219526.
  46. Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Stein TP.Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:403-11.
  47. Boney CM, Verma A, Tucker R, Vohr BR. Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 2005 Mar;115(3):e290-6. PubMed PMID: 15741354.
  48. Boyd, S., Melvin Konner, Marjorie Shostak, and M.D. Eaton. The Paleolithic Prescription: A Program of Diet & Exercise and a Design for Living. New York: HarperCollins, 1989. Print.
  49. Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Apr;79(4):537-43. Review. Erratum in: Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Oct;80(4):1090. PubMed PMID: 15051594.
  50. Brownell KD, Puhl R, Schwartz MB, Rudd L, eds. Weight Bias: Nature, Consequences, and Remedies. New York: Guilford Publications; 2005
  51. Brownell, Kelly, and Katherine Battle Horgen. Food Fight. 1 ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004. Print.
  52. Bruch, Hilde. The Importance of Overweight. New York: Norton, 1957. Print.
  53. Campbell LV, Marmot PE, Dyer JA, Borkman M, Storlien LH. The high-monounsaturated fat diet as a practical alternative for NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1994;17:177-82
  54. Cannon G. The Politics of Food. London: Century Hutchinson, 1987.
  55. Carey, Anne R., and Paul Trap. “Stretching the Truth.” USA Today 13 Jan. 2011, sec. USA Today Snapshots: 1. Print.
  56. Carlson MG & Campbell PJ. Intensive insulin therapy and weight gain in IDDM. Diabetes 1993 42 1700–1707.
  57. Caro JF. Clinical review 26: Insulin resistance in obese and nonobese man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991 Oct;73(4):691-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 1890146.
  58. Carter, James P. Eating in America; Dietary Goals for the United States; Report of the Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, U.S. Senate: MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1977. No price Am J Trop Med Hyg 1978 27: 369-b-370
  59. Cassels, Alan, and Ray Moynihan. Selling Sickness: How the World’s Biggest Pharmaceutical Companies Are Turning Us All Into Patients. 1 ed. New York City, New York: Nation Books, 2006. Print
  60. Castelli WP. Cholesterol and lipids in the risk of coronary artery disease–the Framingham Heart Study. Can J Cardiol 1988;4:5A-10A.
  61. Catalano PM, Thomas A, Huston-Presley L, Amini SB: Increased fetal adiposity: a very sensitive marker of abnormal in utero development. Am J Obstetr Gynecol 189:1698–1704, 2003
  62. Cauchon D. FDA Advisers Tied to Industry. USA Today, Sept. 25, 2000.
  63. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients–United States, 1971-2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004 Feb 6;53(4):80-2. PubMed PMID: 14762332.
  64. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011.
  65. Chen HC, Jensen DR, Myers HM, Eckel RH, Farese RV Jr. Obesity resistance and enhanced glucose metabolism in mice transplanted with white adipose tissue lacking acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1. J Clin Invest. 2003 Jun;111(11):1715-22. PubMed PMID: 12782674; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC156099.
  66. Christensen L, Pettijohn L. Mood and carbohydrate cravings. Appetite. 2001 Apr;36(2):137-45. PubMed PMID: 11237349.
  67. Chyou PH, Eaker ED. Serum cholesterol concentrations and all-cause mortality in older people. Age Ageing 2000; 29:69–74.
  68. Colantuoni C, Rada P, McCarthy J, Patten C, Avena NM, Chadeayne A, Hoebel BG. Evidence that intermittent, excessive sugar intake causes endogenous opioid dependence. Obes Res. 2002 Jun;10(6):478-88. PubMed PMID: 12055324.
  69. Cordain L, Eaton SB, Sebastian A, Mann N, Lindeberg S, Watkins BA, O’Keefe JH, Brand-Miller J. Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Feb;81(2):341-54. Review. PubMed PMID: 15699220
  70. Cordain, Loren, and Joe Friel. The Paleo Diet for Athletes: A Nutritional Formula for Peak Athletic Performance. Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale Books, 2005. Print.
  71. Cordain, Loren. The Paleo Diet: Lose Weight and Get Healthy by Eating the Food You Were Designed to Eat. New Ed ed. New York, NY: Wiley, 2002. Print.
  72. Cordain, Loren. The Paleo diet: lose weight and get healthy by eating the food you were designed to eat. New York: J. Wiley, 2002. Print.
  73. Corsica JA, Spring BJ. Carbohydrate craving: a double-blind, placebo-controlled test of the self-medication hypothesis. Eat Behav. 2008 Dec;9(4):447-54. Epub 2008 Aug 4. PubMed PMID: 18928908; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2632958.
  74. Corwin RL, Grigson PS. Symposium overview–Food addiction: fact or fiction? J Nutr. 2009 Mar;139(3):617-9. Epub 2009 Jan 28. PubMed PMID: 19176750; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2714380.
  75. Coulston AM, Hollenbeck CB, Swislocki AL, Chen YD, Reaven GM. Deleterious metabolic effects of high-carbohydrate, sucrose-containing diets in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Med1987;82:213-20.
  76. Coulston AM, Hollenbeck CB, Swislocki AL, Reaven GM. Persistence of hypertriglyceridemic effect of low-fat high-carbohydrate diets in NIDDM patients.Diabetes Care. 1989 Feb;12(2):94-101. PubMed PMID: 2539286.
  77. Council for Responsible Nutrition . Resolution endorsing dietary goals for the United States presented to members of the Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs. May 12, 1977. Comm. Nutr. Inst. Weekly Report 7, No. 21 , p.4, 1977.
  78. Craig BW, Everhart J, Brown R. The influence of high-resistance training on glucose tolerance in young and elderly subjects. Mech Ageing Dev. 1989 Aug;49(2):147-57. Review. PubMed PMID: 2677535.
  79. Dabelea D. The predisposition to obesity and diabetes in offspring of diabetic mothers. Diabetes Care. 2007 Jul;30 Suppl 2:S169-74. Review. Erratum in: Diabetes Care. 2007 Dec;30(12):3154. PubMed PMID: 17596467.
  80. Daly ME, Paisey R, Paisey R, Millward BA, Eccles C, Williams K. Short-term effects of severe dietary carbohydrate-restriction advice in Type 2 diabetes–a randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med 2006;23:15-20.
  81. Data Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Interview Statistics, data from the National Health Interview Survey. U.S. Bureau of the Census, census of the population and population estimates. Data computed by the Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/prev/national/tnumage.htm. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2007.pdf. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/slides/long_term_trends.pdf
  82. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care. 1991 Mar;14(3):173-94. Review. PubMed PMID: 2044434.
  83. Despres JP. Krauss R. Obesity and Lipoprotein Metabolism In: Bray GA, Couchard d, James WP, eds. Handbook of Obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997: 651-675.
  84. Diamond, Jared M.. Guns, germs, and steel: The fates of human societies. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1998. Print.
  85. Diet and Health: Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk. Washington, D.C.: National Academy, 1989. Print.
  86. Dietary goals for the United States: statement of the American Medical Association to the Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, United States Senate. R I Med J. 1977 Dec;60(12):576-81. PubMed PMID: 272018.
  87. DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD. Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Jun;24(6):794-800. PubMed PMID: 10878689.
  88. Dolinoy DC. The agouti mouse model: an epigenetic biosensor for nutritional and environmental alterations on the fetal epigenome. Nutr Rev. 2008 Aug;66 Suppl 1:S7-11. Review. PubMed PMID: 18673496; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2822875.
  89. Donohue, T, Meyer T, Henke L. Black and White Children: Perceptions of TV Commercials. The Journal of Marketing, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Oct., 1978), pp. 34-40.
  90. Drent M. Effects of Obesity on Endocrine Function In: Bray GA, Couchard d, James WP, eds. Handbook of Obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997: 753-773.
  91. Drent M. Obesity and Endocrine Funtion. In: Bray GA, Couchard d, James WP, eds. Handbook of Obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997: 697-707.
  92. Drewnowski A, Krahn DD, Demitrack MA, Nairn K, Gosnell BA. Naloxone, an opiate blocker, reduces the consumption of sweet high-fat foods in obese and lean female binge eaters. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Jun;61(6):1206-12. PubMed PMID: 7762518.
  93. Drewnowski A. The role of energy density. Lipids. 2003 Feb;38(2):109-15. Review. PubMed PMID: 12733741.
  94. E.A. Newsholme and C. Start. Regulation of Metabolism. 173 ISBN: 0471635308
  95. Eaton SB, Cordain L, Sparling PB. Evolution, body composition, insulin receptor competition, and insulin resistance. Prev Med. 2009 Oct;49(4):283-5. Epub 2009 Aug 15. PubMed PMID: 19686772.
  96. Eaton SB, Eaton SB 3rd, Konner MJ. Paleolithic nutrition revisited: a twelve-year retrospective on its nature and implications. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997 Apr;51(4):207-16. Review. PubMed PMID: 9104571.
  97. Eaton SB, Konner M. Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. N Engl J Med. 1985 Jan 31;312(5):283-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 2981409.
  98. Economic Research Service (ERS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FoodConsumption.
  99. Elliott SS, Keim NL, Stern JS, Teff K, Havel PJ. Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Nov;76(5):911-22. Review. PubMed PMID: 12399260.
  100. Elmadfa I, Kornsteiner M. Fats and fatty acid requirements for adults. Ann Nutr Metab. 2009;55(1-3):56-75. Epub 2009 Sep 15. Review. PubMed PMID: 19752536.
  101. Email correspondence on August 11, 2010. Referencing his work in: Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG. Evidence for sugar addiction: behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurosci BiobehavRev. 2008;32(1):20-39. Epub 2007 May 18. Review. PubMed PMID: 17617461; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2235907.
  102. Email correspondence on August 11, 2010. Referencing his work in: Bocarsly ME, Powell ES, Avena NM, Hoebel BG. High-fructose corn syrup causes characteristics of obesity in rats: Increased body weight, body fat and triglyceride levels. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2010 Feb 26. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20219526.
  103. Fallon, Mary G.(Author) ;, and Sally(Author) Enig. Eat Fat, Lose Fat: The Healthy Alternative to Trans Fats[EAT FAT LOSE FAT] [Paperback]. Nashville Tennessee: Plume Books, 2006. Print.
  104. Fernstrom J, Wurtman R. Brain serotonin content: physiological regulation by plasma neutral amino acids. Science l972;l78:4l4-6.
  105. Flatt, Jen-Pierre. Tremblay, Angelo. Energy Expenditure and Substrate Oxidation. In: Bray GA, Couchard d, James WP, eds. Handbook of Obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997: 513-538.
  106. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among U.S. adults, 1999-2008. JAMA. 2010 Jan 20;303(3):235-41. Epub 2010 Jan 13. PubMed PMID: 20071471.
  107. Ford ES, Liu S. (2001). Glycemic index and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration among U.S. adults. Arch. Intern. Med., 161: 572-576.
  108. Forette B, Tortrat D, Wolmark Y. Cholesterol as risk factor for mortality in elderly women. Lancet 1989; 1:868–70.
  109. Fried LP, Kronmal RA, Newman AB, Bild DE, Mittelmark MB, Polak JF, Robbins JA, Gardin JM. Risk factors for 5-year mortality in older adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study. JAMA 1998; 279:585–92.
  110. Friedman JM. Modern science versus the stigma of obesity. Nat Med. 2004 Jun;10(6):563-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 15170194.
  111. From Research to Practice/The Art and Science of Obesity Management: Betsy B. Dokken and Tsu-Shuen Tsao the Physiology of Body Weight Regulation: Are We Too Efficient for Our Own Good?Diabetes Spectrum July 2007 20:166-170; doi:10.2337/diaspect.20.3.166
  112. Frost G, Leeds AA, Dore’ CJ, Madeiros S, Brading S, Dornhorst A. (1999). Glycaemic index as a determinant of serum HDL-cholesterol concentration. Lancet, 353: 1045-1048.
  113. Fuh MM, Lee MM, Jeng CY, Ma F, Chen YD, Reaven GM.. Effect of low fat, high carbohydrate diets in hypertensive patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Hypertension 1990; 3: 527-32.
  114. Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ, Saeed A, Jordan K, Hoover H An increase in dietary protein improves the blood glucose response in persons with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:734-41.
  115. Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ. Effect of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on blood glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2004;53:2375-82.
  116. Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, Kim S, Stafford RS, Balise RR, Kraemer HC, King AC. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2007 Mar 7;297(9):969-77. Erratum in: JAMA. 2007 Jul 11;298(2):178. PubMed PMID: 17341711.
  117. Garg A, Bantle JP, Henry RR, Coulston AM, Griver KA, Raatz SK et al. Effects of varying carbohydrate content of diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. JAMA 1994; 271: 1421-8.
  118. Garg A, Bantle JP, Henry RR, Coulston AM, Griver KA, Raatz SK, Brinkley L, Chen YD, Grundy SM, Huet BA, et al. Effects of varying carbohydrate content of diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 1994 May 11;271(18):1421-8. PubMed PMID: 7848401.
  119. GaryTaubes. Good Calories, Bad Calories ,Challenging the Conventional Wisdom on Diet, Weight Control, &Disease 2007 publication. New York: Alfred A Knopf,2007, 2007. Print.
  120. Geiger BM, Haburcak M, Avena NM, Moyer MC, Hoebel BG, Pothos EN. Deficits of mesolimbic dopamine neurotransmission in rat dietary obesity. Neuroscience 2009;159:1193–9.
  121. German JB, Dillard CJ. Saturated fats: what dietary intake? Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Sep;80(3):550-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 15321792.
  122. Golay A, Allaz AF, Morel Y, de Tonnac N, Tankova S, Reaven G: Similar weight loss with low- or high-carbohydrate diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1996, 63:174-8.
  123. Golay A, Eigenheer C, Morel Y, Kujawski P, Lehmann T, de Tonnac N: Weight-loss with low or high carbohydrate diet? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996, 20:1067-72.
  124. Goldberg M, Gordon E. Energy Metabolism In Human Obesity. Plasma Free Fatty Acid, Glucose, And Glycerol Response To Epinephrine. JAMA. 1964 Aug 24;189:616-23. PubMed PMID: 14162576.
  125. Gordon DJ, Probstfield JL, Garrison RJ, et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies. Circulation 1989;79:8-15.
  126. Gordon T, Castelli WP, Hjortland MC, Kannel WB, Dawber TR. High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Am J Med 1977;62:707-714.
  127. Greene P, Willett W, Devecis J, Skaf A: Pilot 12-Week Feeding Weight-Loss Comparison: Low-Fat vs Low-Carbohydrate (Ketogenic) Diets. Obesity Research 2003, 11:A23.
  128. Gu K, Cowie CC, Harris MI. Mortality in adults with and without diabetes in a national cohort of the U.S. population, 1971-1993. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1138-1145.
  129. Gutierrez M, Akhavan M, Jovanovic L, Peterson CM. Utility of a short-term 25% carbohydrate diet on improving glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:595-600.
  130. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Rönnemaa T, Pyörälä K, Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:229-234.
  131. Hameed S, Dhillo WS, Bloom SR. Gut hormones and appetite control. Oral Dis. 2009 Jan;15(1):18-26. Epub 2008 Oct 17. Review. PubMed PMID: 18939959.
  132. Harper AE. Dietary goals-a skeptical view. Am J Clin Nutr. 1978 Feb;31(2):310-21. Review. PubMed PMID: 341685.
  133. Harris RB, Martin RJ. Influence of diet on the production of a “lipid-depleting” factor in obese parabiotic rats. J Nutr. 1986 Oct;116(10):2013-27. PubMed PMID: 3772528.
  134. Harris RB, Martin RJ. Metabolic response to a specific lipid-depleting factor in parabiotic rats. Am J Physiol. 1986 Feb;250(2 Pt 2):R276-86. PubMed PMID: 3511738.
  135. Harris RB, Martin RJ. Specific depletion of body fat in parabiotic partners of tube-fed obese rats. Am J Physiol. 1984 Aug;247(2 Pt 2):R380-6. PubMed PMID: 6431831.
  136. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, Macera CA, Heath GW, Thompson PD, Bauman A; American College of Sports Medicine; American Heart Association. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007 Aug 28;116(9):1081-93. Epub 2007 Aug 1. PubMed PMID: 17671237.
  137. Havel PJ. Dietary fructose: implications for dysregulation of energy homeostasis and lipid/carbohydrate metabolism. Nutr Rev. 2005 May;63(5):133-57. Review. PubMed PMID: 15971409.
  138. Havel PJ. Peripheral signals conveying metabolic information to the brain: short-term and long-term regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2001 Dec;226(11):963-77. Review. PubMed PMID: 11743131.
  139. Havel PJ. Update on adipocyte hormones: regulation of energy balance and carbohydrate/lipid metabolism. Diabetes. 2004 Feb;53 Suppl 1:S143-51. Review. PubMed PMID: 14749280.
  140. Hays CL, McNeil Jr. DG. Putting Africa on Coke’s map. New York Times. May 26, 1998.P. D1.
  141. Hays JH, DiSabatino A, Gorman RT, Vincent S, Stillabower ME. Effect of a high saturated fat and no-starch diet on serum lipid subfractions in patients with documented atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78:1331–6.
  142. Hays JH, Gorman RT, Shakir KM.Results of use of metformin and replacement of starch with saturated fat in diets of patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocr Pract 2002;8:177-83
  143. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among U.S. children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. JAMA 2004;291:2847-2850.
  144. Hendrickson, M. and Heffernan, W. (2007) Concentration of Agricultural Markets April 2007. Greenwood Village, CO: National Farmers Union (http://www.nfu.org/wp-content/2007-heffernanreport.pdf).
  145. Hoebel BG, Avena NM, Bocarsly ME, Rada P. Natural addiction: a behavioral and circuit model based on sugar addiction in rats. J Addict Med. 2009 Mar;3(1):33-41. PubMed PMID: 21768998.
  146. Hoebel BG, Teitepoundaum P. Weight regulation in normal and hypothalamic hyperphagic rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1966 Apr;61(2):189-93. PubMed PMID: 5909295.
  147. Horovitz B. McDonald’s rediscovers its future with kids. USA Today, Apr. 18, 1997.
  148. Howard BV, Van Horn L, Hsia J, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Kuller LH, LaCroix AZ, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Lewis CE, Limacher MC, Margolis KL, Mysiw WJ, Ockene JK, Parker LM, Perri MG, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Robbins J, Rossouw JE, Sarto GE, Schatz IJ, Snetselaar LG, Stevens VJ, Tinker LF, Trevisan M, Vitolins MZ, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Gass M, Granek I, Greenland P, Hays J, Heber D, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA. 2006 Feb 8;295(6):655-66. PubMed PMID: 16467234.
  149. http://www.ajcn.org/content/81/2/341/F1.large.jpg
  150. http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/
  151. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2007.pdf.
  152. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/slides/long_term_trends.pdf
  153. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/overweight/overweight_adult.htm
  154. http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/DGAs2010-PolicyDocument.htm
  155. http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/DietaryGuidelines/2005/2005DGMessageFromSecretary.pdf
  156. http://www.cspinet.org/new/pdf/liquid_candy_final_w_new_supplement.pdf
  157. http://www.gmabrands.com/publicpolicy/docs/Correspondence.cfm?DocID=1123&
  158. http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/IDF_Meta_def_final.pdf
  159. http://www.kraftfoodscompany.com/assets/pdf/kraft_foods_fact_sheet.pdf
  160. http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/
  161. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srqFz0fO8xk
  162. Hu FB, Manson JE, Willett WC. Types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a critical review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001 Feb;20(1):5-19. Review. PubMed PMID: 11293467.
  163. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1491–9.
  164. Hu FB, Willett WC. Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 2002 Nov 27;288(20):2569-78. Review. PubMed PMID: 12444864.
  165. In 1990 the following report estimated that United States consumers spend more than $33 billion yearly on weight loss products and services. The U.S. Congress H. Deception and Fraud in the Diet Industry, Part 1. 101st Congress, 2nd Session. 1990. Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Regulation, Business Opportunities, and Energy. Nearly twenty years later this number is estimated to have grown to $50 billion. See: Freedhoff Y, Sharma AM. “Lose 40 pounds in 4 weeks”: regulating commercial weight-loss programs. CMAJ. 2009 Feb 17;180(4):367-8. English, French. PubMed PMID: 19221340; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2638047.the European diet market is estimated at 100B Euros. See: Cannon, Geoffrey. Dieting Makes You Fat: The Scientifically Proven Way to be Slim without Lowering Your Food Intake. Revised edition ed. None: Virgin Books, 2008. Print.
  166. In 1990 the following report estimated that United States consumers spend more than $33 billion yearly on weight loss products and services.The U.S. Congress H. Deception and Fraud in the Diet Industry, Part 1. 101st Congress, 2nd Session. 1990. Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Regulation, Business Opportunities, and Energy. Nearly twenty years later this number is estimated to have grown to $50 billion. See: Freedhoff Y, Sharma AM. “Lose 40 pounds in 4 weeks”: regulating commercial weight-loss programs. CMAJ. 2009 Feb 17;180(4):367-8. English, French. PubMed PMID: 19221340; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2638047.the European diet market is estimated at 100B Euros. See: Cannon, Geoffrey. Dieting Makes You Fat: The Scientifically Proven Way to be Slim without Lowering Your Food Intake. Revised edition ed. None: Virgin Books, 2008. Print.
  167. Is sugar really addictive? (2002). Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter, 20(8), 1-1,4+. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.kcls.org/docview/196365420?accountid=46
  168. Jacobson, Michael F.. Nutrition Scoreboard. New York: Avon Books, 1975. Print.
  169. Jane Brody’s Nutrition Book: A Lifetime Guide to Good Eating for Better Health and Weight Control by the Award-Winning Columnist of the New York Times
  170. Johnson RJ, Segal MS, Sautin Y, Nakagawa T, Feig DI, Kang DH, Gersch MS, Benner S, Sánchez-Lozada LG. Potential role of sugar (fructose) in the epidemic of hypertension, obesity and the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Oct;86(4):899-906. Review. PubMed PMID: 17921363.
  171. Johnson, Richard J., and Timothy Gower. The sugar fix: The high-fructose fallout that is making you fat and sick. Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale, 2008. Print.
  172. Jonsson A, Sigvaldason H, Sigfusson N. Total cholesterol and mortality after age 80 years. Lancet 1997; 350:1778–9.
  173. Joslin, Elliott Proctor, C. Ronald. Kahn, and Gordon C. Weir. Joslin’s Diabetes Mellitus. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1994. Print.
  174. Jump DB, Clarke SD, thelen A, Liimatta M. Coordinate regulation of glycolytic and lipogenic gene expression by polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Lipid Res. 1994 Jun;35(6):1076-84. PubMed PMID: 8077846.
  175. Jürgens H, Haass W, Castañeda TR, Schürmann A, Koebnick C, Dombrowski F, Otto B, Nawrocki AR, Scherer PE, Spranger J, Ristow M, Joost HG, Havel PJ, Tschöp MH. Consuming fructose-sweetened beverages increases body adiposity in mice. Obes Res. 2005 Jul;13(7):1146-56. PubMed PMID: 16076983.
  176. Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: The Framingham study. JAMA 1979;241:2035-2058.
  177. Kersten S. Mechanisms of nutritional and hormonal regulation of lipogenesis. EMBO Rep. 2001 Apr;2(4):282-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 11306547; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1083868.
  178. Keys A, Anderson JT, Grande F. Prediction of serum-cholesterol responses of man to changes in the diet. Lancet: 1957;273:959–66.
  179. Keys A. Atherosclerosis: a problem in newer public health. J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y 1953;20:118-139.
  180. Kissebah AH, Peiris AN. Biology of regional body fat distribution: relationship to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1989 Mar;5(2):83-109. Review. PubMed PMID: 2647436.
  181. Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Savage PJ, Bennett PH. Diabetes incidence in Pima indians: contributions of obesity and parental diabetes. Am J Epidemiol. 1981
  182. Kopelman P. Endocrine Determinants of Obesity In: Bray GA, Couchard d, James WP, eds. Handbook of Obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997: 475-490.
  183. Kraemer FB, Shen WJ. Hormone-sensitive lipase knockouts. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Feb 10;3:12. PubMed PMID: 16472389; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1391915.
  184. Krumholz HM, Seeman TE, Merrill SS, Mendes de Leon CF, Vaccarino V, Silverman DI, Tsukahara R, Ostfeld AM, Berkman LF. Lack of association between cholesterol and coronary heart disease mortality and morbidity and all-cause mortality in persons older than 70 years. JAMA 1994; 272:1335–40.
  185. Lamarche B, Tchernof A, Mauriege P, et al. Fasting insulin and apolipoprotein B levels and low-density lipoprotein particle size as risk factors for ischemic heart disease. JAMA. 1998;279:1955-1961.
  186. Latner JD, Stunkard AJ. Getting worse: The stigmatization of obese children. Obes Res. 2003; 11: 452-456.
  187. Laville M, Andreelli F. [Mechanisms for weight gain during blood glucose normalization]. Diabetes Metab. 2000 Jun;26 Suppl 3:42-5. Review. French. PubMed PMID: 10945152.
  188. Layman DK, Boileau RA, Erickson DJ, Painter JE, Shiue H, Sather C, Christou DD: A reduced ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein improves body composition and blood lipid profiles during weight loss in adult women. J Nutr 2003, 133:411-7.
  189. Le Magnen J. Is regulation of body weight elucidated. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1984 Winter;8(4):515-22. Review. PubMed PMID: 6392951.
  190. Lean ME, Han TS, Prvan T, Richmond PR, Avenell A: Weight loss with high and low carbohydrate 1200 kcal diets in free living women. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997, 51:243-8.
  191. Lee, R.B. (1968) What hunters do for a living, or how to make out on scarce resources, in Man the Hunter (Lee, R.B. & DeVore, I., eds), p.30 Aldine, Chicago
  192. Lee-Han H, Cousins M, Beaton M, McGuire V, Kriukov V, Chipman M, Boyd N. Compliance in a randomized clinical trial of dietary fat reduction in patientswith breast dysplasia. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Sep;48(3):575-86. PubMed PMID: 3046298.
  193. Leosdottir M, Nilsson PM, Nilsson JA, Månsson H, Berglund G. Dietary fat intake and early mortality patterns–data from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. J Intern Med. 2005 Aug;258(2):153-65. PubMed PMID: 16018792.
  194. Levine AS, Billington CJ. Dietary fiber: does it affect food intake and body weight? In: Fernstrom JD, Miller GD, eds. Appetite and body weight regulation: sugar, fat, and macronutrient substitutes. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1994:191–200.
  195. Lieberman HR, Wurtman JJ, Chew B. Changes in mood after carbohydrate consumption among obese individuals. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986 Dec;44(6):772-8. PubMed PMID: 3788829.
  196. Liu Y, von Deneen KM, Kobeissy FH, Gold MS. Food addiction and obesity: evidence from bench to bedside. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2010 Jun;42(2):133-45. PubMed PMID: 20648909.
  197. Lopez-Garcia E, Schulze MB, Manson JE, Meigs JB, Apoundert CM, Rifai N, Willett WC, Hu FB. Consumption of (n-3) fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial activation in women. J Nutr. 2004 Jul;134(7):1806-11. PubMed PMID: 15226473.
  198. Low CC, Grossman EB, Gumbiner B. Potentiation of effects of weight loss by monounsaturated fatty acids in obese NIDDM patients. Diabetes 1996;45:569-75.
  199. Ludwig DS, Pereira MA, Kroenke CH, Hilner JE, Van Horn L, Slattery ML, Jacobs DR Jr. Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults. JAMA. 1999 Oct 27;282(16):1539-46. PubMed PMID: 10546693.
  200. Ludwig DS. The glycemic index: physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 2002 May 8;287(18):2414-23. Review. PubMed PMID: 11988062.
  201. Luppino FS, de Wit LM, Bouvy PF, Stijnen T, Cuijpers P, Penninx BW, Zitman FG. Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010 Mar;67(3):220-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 20194822.
  202. Ma J, Xiao L. Obesity and depression in U.S. women: results from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Feb;18(2):347-53. Epub 2009 Jul 9. PubMed PMID: 19590500.
  203. Macaulay V, Richards M, Hickey E, et al. The emerging tree of West Eurasian mtDNAs: a synthesis of control-region sequences and RFLPs. Am J Hum Genet. 1999;64:232-249.
  204. MacKay, Eaton M., Callaway, James W., Barnes, Richard H. Hyperalimentation in Normal Animals Produced by Protamine Insulin: Three Figures J. Nutr. 1940 20: 59-66
  205. Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Aug;84(2):274-88. Review. PubMed PMID: 16895873.
  206. Marchioli R, Barzi F, Bomba E, et al, GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Early protection against sudden dealth by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: Time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione. Circulation. 2002;105:1897-1903.
  207. Marion Nestle, quoted in : J.M. Hirsch, “Food Industry a Targe in Obesity Fight,” March 19, 2006. www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2006/03/18/ap2605096.html.
  208. McCullough ML, Feskanich D, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Ascherio A, Variyam JN, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of major chronic disease in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Nov;72(5):1223-31. PubMed PMID: 11063453.
  209. McCullough ML, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, Rosner BA, Hu FB, Hunter DJ, Variyam JN, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of major chronic disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Nov;72(5):1214-22. PubMed PMID: 11063452.
  210. Meckling KA, O’Sullivan C, Saari D. Comparison of a low-fat diet to a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss, body composition, and risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease in free-living, overweight men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2717–23.
  211. Menotti A, Mulder I, Nissinen A, Feskens E, Giampaoli S, Tervahauta M, Kromhout D. Cardiovascular risk factors and 10-year all-cause mortality in elderly European male populations; the FINE study. Eur Heart J 2001; 22:573–9.
  212. Mensink RP, Katan MB. Effect of monounsaturated fatty acids versus complex carbohydrates on high-density lipoproteins in healthy men and women. Lancet. 1987 Jan 17;1(8525):122-5. PubMed PMID: 2879969.
  213. Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 May;77(5):1146-55. PubMed PMID: 12716665.
  214. Mensink RPM, Katan MB. Effect of dietary trans fatty acids on highdensity and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy subjects. N Engl J Med 1990;323:439–45.
  215. Miller WJ, Sherman WM, Ivy JL. Effect of strength training on glucose tolerance and post-glucose insulin response. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1984 Dec;16(6):539-43. PubMed PMID: 6392812.
  216. ML Piatti PM, Magni F, Fermo I, Baruffaldi L, Nasser R, Santambrogia G, Librenti MC, Galli-Kienle M, Pontiroli AE, Pozza G: Hypocaloric High-Protein Diet Improves Glucose Oxidation and Spares Lean Body Mass: Comparison to High-Carbohydrate Diet. Metabolism 1994, 43:1481-87.
  217. Moodie PM. Aboriginal health. Canberra, Austrlia: Australian National University Press, 1973:92.
  218. Mori TA, Beilin LJ. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammation. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2004 Nov;6(6):461-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 15485592.
  219. Mozaffarian D, Ludwig DS. Dietary guidelines in the 21st century–a time forfood. JAMA. 2010 Aug 11;304(6):681-2. PubMed PMID: 20699461.
  220. Mozaffarian D. Effects of dietary fats versus carbohydrates on coronary heart disease: a review of the evidence. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2005 Nov;7(6):435-45.Review. PubMed PMID: 16256001
  221. Multiple risk factor intervention trial. Risk factor changes and mortality results. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. JAMA. 1982 Sep 24;248(12):1465-77. PubMed PMID: 7050440.
  222. Murphy KG, Dhillo WS, Bloom SR. Gut peptides in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. Endocr Rev. 2006 Dec;27(7):719-27. Epub 2006 Oct 31. Review. PubMed PMID: 17077190.
  223. Murray I, Havel PJ, Sniderman AD, Cianflone K. Reduced body weight, adipose tissue, and leptin levels despite increased energy intake in female mice lacking acylation-stimulating protein. Endocrinology. 2000 Mar;141(3):1041-9. PubMed PMID: 10698180.
  224. Narayan KM, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Sorensen SW, Williamson DF. Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States. JAMA. 2003 Oct 8;290(14):1884-90. PubMed PMID: 14532317.
  225. National Institutes of Health. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults–the evidence report. Obes Res 1998;6(Suppl 2):51S-209S.
  226. National Soft Drink Association web site. Available at http://www.nsda.org/softdrinks/CSDHealth/Index.html.
  227. Nestle, Marion. Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition, and Health, Revised and Expanded Edition (California Studies in Food and Culture). 2 ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. Print.
  228. Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M,Harris T. Beliefs and attitudes about obesity among teachers and school health care providers working with adolescents. J Nutr Education. 1999; 31: 3-9.
  229. Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M., Faibisch L. Perceived stigmatization among overweight African-American and Caucasian adolescent girls. J Adolesc Health. 1998; 23: 264-270
  230. Newsholme, E. A., and C. Start. Regulation in metabolism . London: Wiley, 1973. Print.
  231. Nielsen JV, Joensson E . Low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes. Stable improvement of bodyweight and glycemic control during 22 months follow-up. Nutr Metabol 2006;3:22.
  232. Nielsen JV, Jonsson E, Nilsson AK: Lasting improvement of hyperglycaemia and bodyweight: low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes – a brief report. Ups J Med Sci 2005, 110(1):69-73.
  233. Nielsen JV, Jönsson EA: Low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes. Stable improvement of bodyweight and glycaemic control during 22 months follow-up. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2006, 3(1):22.
  234. Nielsen SJ, Siega-Riz AM, Popkin BM. Trends in energy intake in U.S. between 1977 and 1996: similar shifts seen across age groups. Obes Res. 2002 May;10(5):370-8. PubMed PMID: 12006636.
  235. Obesity and leanness. Basic aspects. Stock, M., Rothwell, N., Author Affiliation: Dep. Physiology, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, London Univ., London, UK.
  236. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA 2006;295:1549-1555.
  237. O’Keefe JH Jr, Cordain L. Cardiovascular disease resulting from a diet and lifestyle at odds with our Paleolithic genome: how to become a 21st-century hunter-gatherer.Mayo Clin Proc 2004 Jan;79(1):101-8.
  238. Ottoboni A, Ottoboni F. The Food Guide Pyramid: will the defects be corrected? J Am Phys Surg 2004;9:109-113.
  239. P.J. Skerrett, and W.C. Willett. Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy: The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating. Free Press Trade Pbk. Ed ed. New York City: Free Press, 2005. Print.
  240. Papoushek C. The “glitazones”: rosiglitazone and pioglitazone. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2003 Oct;25(10):853-7. Review. Erratum in: J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2003 Nov;25(11):907. PubMed PMID: 14532954.
  241. Parameswaran SV, Steffens AB, Hervey GR, de Ruiter L. Involvement of a humoral factor in regulation of body weight in parabiotic rats. Am J Physiol. 1977 May;232(5):R150-7. PubMed PMID: 324294.
  242. Parillo M, Coulston A, Hollenbeck C, Reaven G. Effect of a low fat diet on carbohydrate metabolism in patients with hypertension. Hypertension 1988;11:244-8.
  243. Parillo M, Giacco R, Ciardullo AV, Rivellese AA, Riccardi G. Does a high-carbohydrate diet have different effects in NIDDM patients treated with diet alone or hypoglycemic drugs? Diabetes Care 1996;19:498-500.
  244. Parks EJ, Hellerstein MK. Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Feb;71(2):412-33. Review. PubMed PMID: 10648253.
  245. Pettitt DJ, Baird HR, Aleck KA, Bennett PH, Knowler WC: Excessive obesity in offspring of Pima Indian women with diabetes during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 308:242–245, 1983
  246. Pettitt DJ, Bennett PH, Knowler WC, Baird HR, Aleck KA: Gestational diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy: long-term effects on obesity and glucose tolerance in the offspring. Diabetes 34 (Suppl. 2):119–122, 1985
  247. Pettitt DJ, Knowler WC, Bennett PH, Aleck KA, Baird HR: Obesity in offspring of diabetic Pima Indian women despite normal birth weight. Diabetes Care 10: 76–80, 1987
  248. Pettitt DJ, Nelson RG, Saad MF, Bennett PH, Knowler WC: Diabetes and obesity in the offspring of Pima Indian women with diabetes during pregnancy. Diabetes Care 16:310–314, 1993
  249. Pirozzo S, Summerbell C, Cameron C, Glasziou P. Should we recommend low-fat diets for obesity? Obes Rev. 2003 May;4(2):83-90. Review. Erratum in: Obes Rev. 2003 Aug;4(3):185. PubMed PMID: 12760443.
  250. Polak P, Cybulski N, Feige JN, Auwerx J, Rüegg MA, Hall MN. Adipose-specific knockout of raptor results in lean mice with enhanced mitochondrial respiration.Cell Metab. 2008 Nov;8(5):399-410. PubMed PMID: 19046571.
  251. Popkin, Barry. The World is Fat: The Fads, Trends, Policies, and Products That Are Fattening the Human Race. New York: Avery, 2008. Print.
  252. Porte D Jr, Woods SC. Regulation of food intake and body weight in insulin. Diabetologia. 1981 Mar;20 Suppl:274-80. PubMed PMID: 7014326.
  253. Puhl R, Brownell KD. Bias, discrimination, and obesity. Obes Res. 2001;9:788-805.
  254. Rabast U, Hahn A, Reiners C, Ehl M: Thyroid hormone changes in obese subjects during fasting and a very-low-calorie diet. Int J Obes 1981, 5:305-11.
  255. Rabast U, Kasper H, Schonborn J: Comparative studies in obese subjects fed carbohydrate-restricted and high carbohydrate 1,000-calorie formula diets. Nutr Metab 1978, 22:269-77.
  256. Raben A, Vasilaras TH, Møller AC, Astrup A. Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10 wk of supplementation in overweight subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Oct;76(4):721-9. PubMed PMID: 12324283.
  257. Räihä I, Marniemi J, Puukka P, Toikka T, Ehnholm C, Sourander L. Effect of serum lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins on vascular and nonvascular mortality in the elderly. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:1224–32.
  258. Rasmussen OW, Thomsen C, Hansen KW, Vesterlund M, Winther E, Hermansen K. Effects on blood pressure, glucose, and lipid levels of a high-monounsaturated fat diet compared with a high-carbohydrate diet in NIDDM subjects. Diabetes Care 1993;16:1565-71
  259. Ravnskov U. Cholesterol lowering trials in coronary heart disease: frequency of citation and outcome. BMJ. 1992 Jul 4;305(6844):15-9. Erratum in: BMJ 1992 Aug 29;305(6852):505. PubMed PMID: 1638188; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1882525.
  260. Ravnskov U. High cholesterol may protect against infections and atherosclerosis. QJM. 2003 Dec;96(12):927-34. Review. PubMed PMID: 14631060.
  261. Ravnskov U. Saturated fat doesn’t affect blood cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Dec;84(6):1550-1; author reply 1551-2. PubMed PMID: 17158443.
  262. Ravnskov U. The questionable role of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular disease. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998 Jun;51(6):443-60. Review. PubMed PMID: 9635993.
  263. Ravnskov, Uffe. Fat and Cholesterol Are Good for You. S.l.: GP, 2009. Print.
  264. Roberts, Paul. The End of Food. New York: Mariner Books, 2009. Print.
  265. Roehling MV. Weight-based discrimination in employment: Psychological and legal aspects. Pers Psychol. 1999; 52: 969-1017.
  266. Rolls BJ, Bell EA, Castellanos VH, Chow M, Pelkman CL, Thorwart ML. Energy density but not fat content of foods affected energy intake in lean and obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 May;69(5):863-71. PubMed PMID: 10232624.
  267. Rosenbaum M, Vandenborne K, Goldsmith R, Simoneau JA, Heymsfield S, Joanisse DR, Hirsch J, Murphy E, Matthews D, Segal KR, Leibel RL. Effects of experimental weight perturbation on skeletal muscle work efficiency in human subjects. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2003 Jul;285(1):R183-92. Epub 2003 Feb 27. PubMed PMID: 12609816.
  268. Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, Smith SR, Ryan DH, Anton SD, McManus K, Champagne CM, Bishop LM, Laranjo N, Leboff MS, Rood JC, de Jonge L, Greenway FL, Loria CM, Obarzanek E, Williamson DA. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med. 2009 Feb 26;360(9):859-73. PubMed PMID: 19246357; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2763382.
  269. Sacks FM, Katan M. Randomized clinical trials on the effects of dietary fat and carbohydrate on plasma lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease. Am J Med. 2002 Dec 30;113 Suppl 9B:13S-24S. Review. PubMed PMID: 12566134.
  270. Saltzman E. Benotti P. The Effects of Obesity on the Cardiovascular System In: Bray GA, Couchard d, James WP, eds. Handbook of Obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997: 637-649.
  271. Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily DA, McGrory J, Williams et al. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2074-81
  272. Sanders TA. High- versus low-fat diets in human diseases. Curr Opin Clin NutrMetab Care. 2003 Mar;6(2):151-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 12589184.
  273. Sands SA, Reid KJ, Windsor SL, Harris WS. The impact of age, body mass index, and seafood intake on the EPA and DHA content of human erythrocytes. Lipids 2005;40:343-347.
  274. Schäfer-Graf UM, Dupak J, Vogel M, Dudenhausen JW, Kjos SL, Buchanan TA, Vetter K. Hyperinsulinism, neonatal obesity and placental immaturity in infants born to women with one abnormal glucose tolerance test value. J Perinat Med. 1998;26(1):27-36. PubMed PMID: 9595364.
  275. Schatz IJ, Masaki K, Yano K, Chen R, Rodriguez BL, Curb JD. Cholesterol and all-cause mortality in elderly people from the Honolulu Heart Program: a cohort study. Lancet 2001; 358:351–5.
  276. Schenk S, Saberi M, Olefsky JM. Insulin sensitivity: modulation by nutrients and inflammation. J Clin Invest. 2008 Sep;118(9):2992-3002. Review. PubMed PMID: 18769626; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2522344.
  277. Schwartz MB, O’Neal H, Brownell KD, Blair S, Billington C. Weight bias among health professionals specializing in obesity. Obes Res. 2003;11:1033-1039.
  278. Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D Jr, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG. Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature. 2000 Apr 6;404(6778):661-71. Review. PubMed PMID: 10766253.
  279. Scientific steering committee on behalf of the Simon Broome Register group. Risk of fatal coronary heart disease in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Br Med J 1991; 303:893–6.
  280. Shah M, Adams-Huet B, Grundy SM, Garg A. Effect of a high-carbohydrate vs a high-cis-monounsaturated fat diet on lipid and lipoproteins in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes. Nutr Res 2004;24:969-79
  281. Sharman MJ, Gomez AL, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS. Very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets affect fasting lipids and postprandial lipemia differently in overweight men. J Nutr 2004;134:880–5.
  282. Sharman MJ, Kraemer WJ, Love DM, Avery NG, Gómez AL, Scheett TP, Volek JS. A ketogenic diet favorably affects serum biomarkers for cardiovascular disease in normal-weight men. J Nutr. 2002 Jul;132(7):1879-85. PubMed PMID: 12097663.
  283. Sharrett AR, Ballantyne CM, Coady SA, et al. Coronary heart disease prediction from lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglycerides, lipoprotein(a), apolipoproteins A-I and B, and HDL density subfractions: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation 2001;104:1108-1113.
  284. Siegel D, Kuller L, Lazarus NB, Black D, Feigal D, Hughes G, Schoenberger JA, Hulley SB. Predictors of cardiovascular events and mortality in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program pilot project. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 126:385–9.
  285. Simon GE, Von Korff M, Saunders K, Miglioretti DL, Crane PK, van Belle G, Kessler RC. Association between obesity and psychiatric disorders in the U.S. adult population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;63(7):824-30. PubMed PMID: 16818872; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1913935.
  286. Simon, Michele. Appetite for Profit: How the food industry undermines our health and how to fight back. New York City, New York: Nation Books, 2006. Print.
  287. Simopoulos AP. Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. Am J ClinNutr. 1999 Sep;70(3 Suppl):560S-569S. Review. PubMed PMID: 10479232.
  288. Simopoulos AP. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomed Pharmacother. 2002 Oct;56(8):365-79. Review. PubMed PMID: 12442909.
  289. Sinha A, Formica C, Tsalamandris C, Panagiotopoulos S, Hendrich E, DeLuise M, Seeman E, Jerums G. Effects of insulin on body composition in patients with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabet Med. 1996 Jan;13(1):40-6. PubMed PMID: 8741811.
  290. Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB, Krauss RM. Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease.Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jan 13. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20071648.
  291. Siscovick DS, Raghunathan TE, King I, Weinmann S, Wicklund KG, Apoundright J, Bovbjerg V, Arbogast P, Smith H, Kushi LH, Cobb LA, Copass MK, Psaty BM, Lemaitre R, Retzlaff B, Childs M, Knopp RH. Dietary intake and cell membrane levels of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. JAMA 1995;274:1363-1367.
  292. Sondike SB, Copperman N, Jacobson MS. Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor in overweight adolescents. J Pediatr 2003;142:253–8.
  293. Spring B, Schneider K, Smith M, Kendzor D, Appelhans B, Hedeker D, Pagoto S. Abuse potential of carbohydrates for overweight carbohydrate cravers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008 May;197(4):637-47. Epub 2008 Feb 14. PubMed PMID: 18273603; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2829437.
  294. St Jeor ST, Howard BV, Prewitt TE, Bovee V, Bazzarre T, Eckel RH; Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association. Dietary protein and weight reduction: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2001 Oct 9;104(15):1869-74. PubMed PMID: 11591629.
  295. Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care. 1993;16:434-444.
  296. Stanhope KL, Griffen SC, Bair BR, Swarbrick MM, Keim NL, Havel PJ. Twenty-four-hour endocrine and metabolic profiles following consumption of high-fructose corn syrup-, sucrose-, fructose-, and glucose-sweetened beverages with meals. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 May;87(5):1194-203. PubMed PMID: 18469239.
  297. Stanhope KL, Havel PJ. Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming beverages sweetened with fructose, glucose, sucrose, or high-fructose corn syrup. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;88(6):1733S-1737S. Review. PubMed PMID: 19064538.
  298. Stanhope KL, Havel PJ. Fructose consumption: considerations for future research on its effects on adipose distribution, lipid metabolism, and insulinsensitivity in humans. J Nutr. 2009 Jun;139(6):1236S-1241S. Epub 2009 Apr 29. PubMed PMID: 19403712.
  299. Stanhope KL, Havel PJ. Fructose consumption: potential mechanisms for its effects to increase visceral adiposity and induce dyslipidemia and insulinresistance. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2008 Feb;19(1):16-24. Review. PubMed PMID: 18196982.
  300. Stanhope KL, Havel PJ. Fructose consumption: recent results and their potential implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Mar;1190(1):15-24. Review. PubMed PMID: 20388133.
  301. Stanhope KL, Schwarz JM, Keim NL, Griffen SC, Bremer AA, Graham JL, Hatcher B, Cox CL, Dyachenko A, Zhang W, McGahan JP, Seibert A, Krauss RM, Chiu S, Schaefer EJ, Ai M, Otokozawa S, Nakajima K, Nakano T, Beysen C, Hellerstein MK, Berglund L, Havel PJ. Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans. J Clin Invest. 2009 May;119(5):1322-34. doi:10.1172/JCI37385. Epub 2009 Apr 20. PubMed PMID: 19381015; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2673878.
  302. Status of Articles offered to the General Public for the Control or Reduction of Blood Cholesterol Levels and for the Prevention and Treatment of Heart and Artery Disease Under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Federal Register. 1959, December 12.
  303. Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily DA, McGrory J. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:778-85.
  304. Sugarman C, Gladwell M. U.S. drops new food chart. Washington Post, April 27, 1991: A1, A10.
  305. Taubes, Gary. Good calories, bad calories: challenging the conventional wisdom on diet, weight control, and disease. New York: Knopf, 2007. Print.
  306. The National Institutes of Health: Public Servant or Private Marketer? – Los Angeles Times.” Featured Articles From the Los Angeles Times. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2010. .
  307. The Principles and Practice of Medicine, William Osler, M.D. Fourth Edition
  308. Tordoff MG, Alleva AM. Effect of drinking soda sweetened with aspartame or high-fructose corn syrup on food intake and body weight. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990 Jun;51(6):963-9. PubMed PMID: 2349932.
  309. Truswell AS. Diet and nutrition of hunter-gatherers. Ciba Found Symp. 1977;(49):213-21. PubMed PMID: 244410.
  310. Truswell AS. Evolution of dietary recommendations, goals, and guidelines. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987 May;45(5 Suppl):1060-72. Review. PubMed PMID: 3554965.
  311. Truswell, A. S. & Hansen, J. D. 1976 Medical research among the !Kung. In Kalahari hunter-gatherers. Studies of the !Kung San and their neighbors (ed. R. B. Lee & I. DeVore), pp. 168–195. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  312. Tuomilehto J, Kuulasmaa K. WHO MONICA Project: assessing CHD mortality and morbidity. Int J Epidemiol. 1989;18(3 Suppl 1):S38-45. PubMed PMID: 2807706.
  313. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2007. Nutrient Intakes from Food: Mean Amounts and Percentages of Calories from Protein, Carbohydrate, Fat, and Alcohol, One Day, 2003-2004. Available: www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/fsrg.
  314. U.S. Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs. Dietary goals for the United States. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing office, 1977.
  315. Vernon MC, Mavropoulos J, Transue M, Yancy WS, Westman EC.Clinical Experience of a carbohydrate-restricted diet: Effect on diabetes mellitus. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 2003;1:233-7.
  316. Vrána A, Fábry P. Metabolic effects of high sucrose or fructose intake. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1983;42:56-101. Review. PubMed PMID: 6375162.
  317. Vucetic Z, Kimmel J, Totoki K, Hollenbeck E, Reyes TM. Maternal high-fat diet alters methylation and gene expression of dopamine and opioidrelated genes. Endocrinology 2010;151:4756–64.
  318. Warram JH, Martin BC, Krolewski AS, Soeldner JS, Kahn CR. Slow glucose removal rate and hyperinsulinemia precede the development of type II diabetes in the offspring of diabetic parents. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Dec 15;113(12):909-15. PubMed PMID: 2240915.
  319. Weinberg SL. The diet-heart hypothesis: a critique. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Mar 3;43(5):731-3. Review. PubMed PMID: 14998608.
  320. Weis W. Academy of Health Care Management Journal, 2005. http://www.alliedacademies.org/public/journals/JournalDetails.aspx?jid=20
  321. Wertheimer, E., and Shapiro, B., the physiology of adipose tissue, Physiol. Rev., 1948, 28, 451.
  322. Westman EC, Feinman RD, Mavropoulos JC, Vernon MC, Volek JS, Wortman JA, Yancy WS, Phinney SD. Low-carbohydrate nutrition and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Aug;86(2):276-84. Review. PubMed PMID: 17684196.
  323. Westman EC, Yancy WS Jr, Haub MD, Volek JS: Insulin Resistance from a Low-Carbohydrate, High Fat Diet Perspective. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 2005, 3:3-7.
  324. Weverling-Rijnsburger AW, Blauw GJ, Lagaay AM, Knook DL, Meinders AE, Westendorp RG. Total cholesterol and risk of mortality in the oldest old. Lancet 1997; 350:1119–23.
  325. What if It is All Been a Big Fat Lie? Gary Taubes.http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/07/magazine/what-if-it-s-all-been-a-big-fat-lie.html
  326. Whitehead, Saffron A.; Nussey, Stephen (2001). Endocrinology: an integrated approach. Oxford: BIOS. pp. 122. ISBN 1-85996-252-1.
  327. Wideman CH, Nadzam GR, Murphy HM. Implications of an animal model of sugar addiction, withdrawal and relapse for human health. Nutr Neurosci. 2005 Oct-Dec;8(5-6):269-76. PubMed PMID: 16669597.
  328. Wilcox G. Insulin and insulin resistance. Clin Biochem Rev. 2005 May;26(2):19-39. PubMed PMID: 16278749; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1204764.
  329. Willett W. Challenges for public health nutrition in the 1990s. Am J Public Health. 1990 Nov;80(11):1295-8. PubMed PMID: 2240291; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1404889.
  330. Willett WC, Leibel RL. Dietary fat is not a major determinant of body fat. AmJ Med. 2002 Dec 30;113 Suppl 9B:47S-59S. Review. PubMed PMID: 12566139
  331. Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women. Lancet 1993;341:581–5.
  332. Wood B. Hominid revelations from Chad. Nature. 2002 Jul 11;418(6894):133-5. PubMed PMID: 12110870.
  333. Wood, Philip A.. How fat works. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006. Print.
  334. Woods SC, Benoit SC, Clegg DJ, Seeley RJ. Clinical endocrinology and metabolism. Regulation of energy homeostasis by peripheral signals. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Dec;18(4):497-515. Review. PubMed PMID: 15533772.
  335. Woods SC, Figlewicz Lattemann DP, Schwartz MW, Porte D Jr. A re-assessment of the regulation of adiposity and appetite by the brain insulin system. Int J Obes.1990;14 Suppl 3:69-73; discussion 74-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 2086517.
  336. World Health Organization: Definition, Diagnosis, and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications: Report of a WHO Consultation. Geneva, World Health Org., 1999
  337. Wurtman JJ. Carbohydrate craving. Relationship between carbohydrate intake and disorders of mood. Drugs. 1990;39 Suppl 3:49-52. Review. PubMed PMID: 2197075.
  338. Wurtman JJ. Carbohydrate cravings: a disorder of food intake and mood. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1988;11 Suppl 1:S139-45. Review. PubMed PMID: 3052812.
  339. Wurtman JJ. The involvement of brain serotonin in excessive carbohydrate snacking by obese carbohydrate cravers. J Am Diet Assoc. 1984 Sep;84(9):1004-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 6381575.
  340. Yancy WS Jr, Foy M, Chalecki AM, Vernon MC, Westman EC. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to treat type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab 2005;2:34-40.
  341. Yancy WS, Vernon MC, Westman EC. A Pilot Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate, Ketogenic Diet in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 2003;1:239-43.
  342. Yerushalmy J, Hilleboe He. Fat in the diet and mortality from heart disease; a methodologic note. N Y State J Med. 1957 Jul 15;57(14):2343-54. PubMed PMID:13441073.
  343. York DA, Bray GA. Dependence of hypothalamic obesity on insulin, the pituitary and the adrenal gland. Endocrinology. 1972 Apr;90(4):885-94. PubMed PMID:4258778.
  344. York DA, Hansen B. Animal models of obesity. In: Bray GA, Couchard d, James WP, eds. Handbook of Obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997: 191-221
  345. Young CM, Scanlan SS, Im HS, Lutwak L: Effect of body composition and other parameters in obese young men of carbohydrate level of reduction diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1971, 24:290-6.
  346. Yudkin J. Diet and coronary thrombosis hypothesis and fact. Lancet. 1957 Jul 27;273(6987):155-62. PubMed PMID: 13450357.
  347. Yudkin, John. Sweet and Dangerous. Washington D.C.: Natl Health Federation, 1978. Print.
  348. Zimetbaum P, Frishman WH, Ooi WL, Derman MP, Aronson M, Gidez LI, Eder HA. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in the very elderly. The Bronx aging study. Arterioscl Thromb 1992; 12:416–23.

SANE Eating

  1. “Caffeine — You may like caffeine’s effects, but how much is too much? – MayoClinic.com.” Mayo Clinic. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Dec. 2010. .
  2. “Caffeine content for coffee, tea, soda and more – MayoClinic.com.” Mayo Clinic. N.p., n.d. Web. & wwww.exergyfiend.com
  3. “CHAPTER 3: CALCULATION OF THE ENERGY CONTENT OF FOODS – ENERGY CONVERSION FACTORS.” FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, for a world without hunger. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2010.
  4. “ESS Website ESS : Agricultural production.” FAO: FAO Home. N.p., n.d. Web. .
  5. “Green tea.” University of Maryland Medical Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Dec. 2010. .
  6. “Obesity Explosion May Weigh on China’s Future.” Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 May 2011. .
  7. “One Day in America – TIME.” Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews – TIME.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2010. .
  8. “Protein: Moving Closer to Center Stage – What Should You Eat? – the Nutrition Source – Harvard School of Public Health .” Harvard School of Public Health – HSPH. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 May 2010. .
  9. “World Economic Outlook Database April 2011.” IMF — International Monetary Fund Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 May 2011. .
  10. 1998: Poehlman E T; Mepoundy C Resistance training and energy balance. International journal of sport nutrition 1998;8(2):143-59.
  11. Albert CM, Hennekens CH, O’Donnell CJ, Ajani UA, Carey VJ, Willett WC, Ruskin JN, Manson JE. Seafood consumption and risk of sudden cardiac death. JAMA. 1998 Jan 7;279(1):23-8. PubMed PMID: 9424039.
  12. Almiron-Roig E, Drewnowski A. Hunger, thirst, and energy intakes following consumption of caloric beverages. Physiol Behav 2003;79:767–773.
  13. Anderson JW, Garrity TF, Wood CL, Whitis SE, Smith BM, Oeltgen PR. Prospective, randomized, controlled comparison of the effects of low-fat and low-fat plus high-fiber diets on serum lipid concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Nov;56(5):887-94. PubMed PMID: 1329482.
  14. Anderson JW, Tietyen-Clark J. Dietary fiber. Am J Gastroenterol. 1986;81:907-919.
  15. Anderson RA, Polansky MM: Tea enhances insulin activity. J Agric Food Chem50 :7182 –7186,2002 .
  16. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. N Engl J Med 1997;336: 1117–24.
  17. Appel LJ, Sacks FM, Carey VJ, Obarzanek E, Swain JF, Miller ER 3rd, Conlin PR, Erlinger TP, Rosner BA, Laranjo NM, Charleston J, McCarron P, Bishop LM; OmniHeart Collaborative Research Group. Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. JAMA. 2005 Nov 16;294(19):2455-64.
  18. Arab L, Il’yasova D: The epidemiology of tea consumption and colorectal cancer incidence. J Nutr133 :3310 –3318,2003 .
  19. Arciero PJ, Gentile CL, Martin-Pressman R, Ormsbee MJ, Everett M, Zwicky L, Steele CA. Increased dietary protein and combined high intensity aerobic and resistance training improves body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006 Aug;16(4):373-92. PubMed PMID: 17136940
  20. Arciero PJ, Gentile CL, Pressman R, Everett M, Ormsbee MJ, Martin J, Santamore J, Gorman L, Fehling PC, Vukovich MD, Nindl BC. Moderate protein intake improves total and regional body composition and insulin sensitivity in overweight adults. Metabolism. 2008 Jun;57(6):757-65. PubMed PMID: 18502257.
  21. Arora SK, McFarlane SI. The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Jul 14;2:16. PubMed PMID: 16018812; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1188071.
  22. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Spiegelman D, Stampfer M, Willett WC. Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: cohort follow up study in the United States. BMJ. 1996 Jul 13;313(7049):84-90. PubMed PMID: 8688759; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2351515.
  23. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Willett WC. Dietary intake of marine n3 fatty acids, seafood intake and the risk of coronary disease among men. N Engl J Med 1995;332:977–82.
  24. Ascherio A. Epidemiologic studies on dietary fats and coronary heart disease. Am J Med. 2002;113(suppl 9B):9S-12S.
  25. Assunção ML, Ferreira HS, dos Santos AF, Cabral CR Jr, Florêncio TM. Effects of dietary coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles of women presenting abdominal obesity. Lipids. 2009 Jul;44(7):593-601. doi: 10.1007/s11745-009-3306-6. Epub 2009 May 13. PubMed PMID: 19437058.
  26. Astrup A. The satiating power of protein—a key to obesity prevention? Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:1–2.
  27. Aude YW, Agatston AS, Lopez-Jimenez F, Lieberman EH, Marie Almon, Hansen M, Rojas G, Lamas GA, Hennekens CH. The national cholesterol education program diet vs a diet lower in carbohydrates and higher in protein and monounsaturated fat: a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Oct 25;164(19):2141-6.
  28. Augustin LS, Franceschi S, Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, La Vecchia C. Glycemic index in chronic disease: a review. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Nov;56(11):1049-71.Review. PubMed PMID: 12428171.
  29. Baba NH, Sawaya S, Torbay N, Habbal Z, Azar S, Hashim SA. High protein vs high carbohydrate hypoenergetic diet for the treatment of obese hyperinsulinemic subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999 Nov;23(11):1202-6. PubMed PMID:10578211
  30. Baba NH, Sawaya S, Torbay N, Habbal Z, Azar S, Hashim SA: High protein vs high carbohydrate hypoenergetic diet for the treatment of obese hyperinsulinemic subjects. Int J Obes23 :1202 –1206,1999 .
  31. Baba, N., Bracco, E. F. & Hashim, S. A. (1982) Enhanced thermogenesis and diminished deposition of fat in response to overfeeding with diet containing medium chain triglyceride. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 35:678-682.
  32. Bach, A. C., Bois-Joyeux, B., Chanez, M., Delhomme, B., Schirardin, H. & Peret, J. (1984) Metabolic effects of medium-or long-chain triglycerides and high-protein, carbohydrate-free diets in Zucker rat. Metabolism 33:951-958.
  33. Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, Mora S, Sacks FM, Ridker PM. Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. JAMA. 2007 Jul 18;298(3):309-16. PubMed PMID: 17635891.
  34. Barkeling B, Rössner S, Björvell H. Effects of a high-protein meal (meat) and a high-carbohydrate meal (vegetarian) on satiety measured by automated computerized monitoring of subsequent food intake, motivation to eat and food preferences. Int J Obes. 1990 Sep;14(9):743-51. PubMed PMID: 2228407.
  35. Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG, Loria CM, Whelton PK; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Dietary fiber intake and reduced risk of coronary heart disease in U.S. men and women: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Sep 8;163(16):1897-904. PubMed PMID: 12963562.
  36. Beridot-Therond ME, Arts I, Fantino M, De La Gueronniere V. Short-term effects of the flavour of drinks on ingestive behaviours in man. Appetite 1998;31:67–81.
  37. Berneis K, Ninnis R, Häussinger D, Keller U. Effects of hyper- and hypoosmolality on whole body protein and glucose kinetics in humans. Am J Physiol. 1999 Jan;276(1 Pt 1):E188-95. PubMed PMID: 9886966.
  38. Bilz S, Ninnis R, Keller U. Effects of hypoosmolality on whole-body lipolysis in man. Metabolism. 1999 Apr;48(4):472-6. PubMed PMID: 10206440.
  39. Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Stein TP. Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Mar 15;142(6):403-11. PubMed PMID:15767618.
  40. Booth DA, Chase A, Campbell AT. Relative effectiveness of protein in the late stages of appetite suppression in man. Physiol Behav. 1970 Nov;5(11):1299-302.PubMed PMID: 5524514.
  41. Borrelli F, Capasso R, Russo A, Ernst E: Systematic review: green tea and gastrointestinal cancer risk. Aliment Pharmacol ther19 :497 –510,2004 .
  42. Børsheim E, Bui Q-UT, Tissier S, Kobayashi H, Ferrando AA, Wolfe RR. Effect of amino acid supplementation in insulin sensitivity in elderly. Fed Proc (in press).
  43. Boschmann M, Steiniger J, Hille U, Tank J, Adams F, Sharma AM, Klaus S, Luft FC, Jordan J. Water-induced thermogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Dec;88(12):6015-9. PubMed PMID: 14671205.
  44. Boyd, S., Melvin Konner, Marjorie Shostak, and M.D. Eaton. The Paleolithic Prescription: A Program of Diet and Exercise and a Design for Living. 1st ed ed. New York: HarperCollins, 1988. Print.
  45. Brand-Miller J. Diets with a low glycemic index: From theory to practice. Nutrition Today. 1999;34:64–72.
  46. Bray, G. A., Lee, M. & Bray, T. L. (1980) Weight gain of rats fed medium-chain triglycerides is less than rats fed long-chain triglycerides. Int. J. Obes.4:27-32.
  47. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels SR, D’Alessio DA: A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003, 88:1617-1623.
  48. Cabrera C, Artacho R, Giménez R. Beneficial effects of green tea–a review. JAm Coll Nutr. 2006 Apr;25(2):79-99. Review. PubMed PMID: 16582024.
  49. Calder PC. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation. Biochem Soc Trans. 2005 Apr;33(Pt 2):423-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 15787620.
  50. Canty DJ, Chan MM. Effects of consumption of caloric vs noncaloric sweet drinks on indices of hunger and food consumption in normal adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:1159–1164.
  51. Chanez, M., Bois-Joyeux, B., Arnaud, M. J. & Peret, J. (1991) Metabolic effect in rats of a diet with a moderate level of medium-chain triglycerides. J. Nutr.121:585-594.
  52. Chantre P, Lairon D: Recent findings of green tea extract AR25® (exolise) and its activity for the treatment of obesity. Phytomedicine9 :3 –8,2002 .
  53. Chen J, Han C: The protective effect of tea on cancer: Human evidence. In Bidlach WR, Omaye ST, Meshin MS, Topham DK (eds): “Phytochemicals as Bioactive Agents.” Lancaster: Technomic, pp131 –150,2000 .
  54. Chen Q, Chan LL, Li ET: Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) reduces adiposity, lowers serum insulin and normalizes glucose tolerance in rats fed a high fat diet. J Nutr 133 : 1088 –1093,2003
  55. Chu YF, Sun J, Wu X, Liu RH. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common vegetables. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Nov 6;50(23):6910-6. PubMed PMID: 12405796.
  56. Chung FL, Schwartz J, Herzog CR, Yang YM: Tea and cancer prevention: Studies in animals and humans. J Nutr133 :3268 –3274,2003 .
  57. Committee on Diet and Health, Natiional Research Council (1989): Diet and Health. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, pp 15, 58, 59, 263-265.
  58. Comparison of the Action of Macronutrients on the Expression of Appetite in Lean and Obese Human Subjects ANDREW J. HILL, JOHN E. BLUNDELL Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Volume 575 ,Issue, Pages 529-531 1989 the New York Academy of Sciences
  59. Corbett SW, Stern JS, Keesey RE: Energy expenditure in rats with diet-induced obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 44 : 173 –180,1986
  60. Cordain L, Eades MR, Eades MD. Hyperinsulinemic diseases of civilization: more than just Syndrome X. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2003;136:95-112.
  61. Cordain L, Eaton SB, Brand Miller J, Mann N, Hill K. The paradoxical nature of hunter-gatherer diets: Meat based, yet non-atherogenic. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56 (suppl 1):S42-S52.
  62. Cordain L, Eaton SB, Sebastian A, Mann N, Lindeberg S, Watkins BA, O’Keefe JH, Brand-Miller J. Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Feb;81(2):341-54. Review. PubMed PMID: 15699220.
  63. Cordain L, Miller JB, Eaton SB, Mann N, Holt SH, Speth JD. Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Mar;71(3):682-92. PubMed PMID:10702160.
  64. Cordain L. The nutritional characteristics of a contemporary diet based upon Paleolithic food groups. J Am Nutraceut Assoc 2002; 5:15-24.
  65. Cordain, Loren. The Paleo Diet: Lose Weight and Get Healthy by Eating the Food You Were Designed to Eat. New Ed ed. New York, NY: Wiley, 2002. Print.
  66. Cota D, Proulx K, Smith KA, Kozma SC, Thomas G, Woods SC, Seeley RJ: Hypothalamic mTOR signaling regulates food intake. Science 312 : 927 –930,2006
  67. Craig BW, Everhart J, Brown R. The influence of high-resistance training on glucose tolerance in young and elderly subjects. Mech Ageing Dev. 1989 Aug;49(2):147-57. Review. PubMed PMID: 2677535.
  68. Crozier SJ, Preston AG, Hurst JW, Payne MJ, Mann J, Hainly L, Miller DL. Cacao seeds are a “Super Fruit”: A comparative analysis of various fruit powders and products. Chem Cent J. 2011 Feb 7;5:5. doi: 10.1186/1752-153X-5-5. PubMed PMID: 21299842; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3038885.
  69. Crozier, G., Bois-Joyeux, B., Chanez, M., Girard, J. & Peret, J. (1987) Metabolic effects induced by long-term feeding of medium-chain triglycerides in the rat. Metabolism 36:807-814.
  70. D’Alessandro T, Prasain J, Benton MR, Botting N, Moore R, Darley-Usmar V, Patel R, Barnes S: Polyphenols, inflammatory response, and cancer prevention: Chlorination of isoflavones by human neutrophils. J Nutr133 :3773 –3777,2003 .
  71. Dajas F, Rivera F, Blasina F, Arredondo F, Echeverri C, Lafon L, Morkio A, Heizen H: Cell cultura protection and in vivo neuroprotective capacity of flavonoids. Neurotox Res5 :425 –432,2003 .
  72. Dauncey MJ, Bingham SA. Dependence of 24 h energy expenditure in man on the composition of the nutrient intake. Br J Nutr 1983;50:1–13.
  73. Davis PG, Phinney SD. Differential effects of two very low calorie diets on aerobic and anaerobic performance. Int J Obes. 1990 Sep;14(9):779-87. PubMed PMID: 2104036.
  74. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Rasmussen H, Song L, Dallal GE. Effect of dietary protein supplements on calcium excretion in healthy older men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Mar;89(3):1169-73
  75. De Castro JM. The effects of the spontaneous ingestion of particular foods or beverages on the meal pattern and overall nutrient intake of humans. Physiol Behav 1993;53:1133–1144.
  76. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Delaye J, Mamelle N. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation. 1999;99:779-785.
  77. DellaValle DM, Roe LS, Rolls BJ. Does the consumption of caloric and non-caloric beverages with a meal affect energy intake? Appetite 2005;44:187–193.
  78. Dennis EA, Flack KD, Davy BM. Beverage consumption and adult weight management: A review. Eat Behav. 2009 Dec;10(4):237-46. Epub 2009 Jul 16. Review. PubMed PMID: 19778754; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2864136.
  79. Despres JP, Moorjani S, Lupien PJ, Tremblay A, Nadeau A, Bouchard C. Regional distribution of body fat, plasmalipoproteins, and cardiovascular disease. rteriosclerosis 1990;10: 497–511.
  80. Despres JP. Dyslipidaemia and obesity. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 8: 629–660.
  81. Devkota S, Layman DK. Increased ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein shifts the focus of metabolic signaling from skeletal muscle to adipose. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2011 Mar 4;8(1):13. PubMed PMID: 21375752; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3059285.
  82. Diamond, Jared M.. Guns, germs, and steel: The fates of human societies. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1998. Print.
  83. DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD. Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Jun;24(6):794-800. PubMed PMID: 10878689.
  84. Dohm GL, Kasperek GJ, Tapscott EB, Beecher GR. Effect of exercise on synthesis and degradation of muscle protein. Biochem J. 1980 Apr 15;188(1):255-62. PubMed PMID: 6996678; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1162563.
  85. Draznin B, Wang C, Adochio R, Leitner JW, Cornier MA. Effect of dietary macronutrient composition on AMPK and SIRT1 expression and activity in human skeletal muscle. Horm Metab Res. 2012 Sep;44(9):650-5. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1312656. Epub 2012 Jun 6. PubMed PMID: 22674476.
  86. Drewnowski A, Krahn DD, Demitrack MA, Nairn K, Gosnell BA. Naloxone, an opiate blocker, reduces the consumption of sweet high-fat foods in obese and lean female binge eaters. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Jun;61(6):1206-12. PubMed PMID: 7762518.
  87. Due A, Toubro S, Skov AR, Astrup A. Effect of normal-fat diets, either medium or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Oct;28(10):1283-90. PubMed PMID: 15303109.
  88. Due A, Toubro S, Skov AR, Astrup A. Effect of normal-fat diets, either medium or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Oct;28(10):1283-90. PubMed PMID:15303109.
  89. Dulloo AG, Duret C, Rohrer D, Girardier L, Mensi N, Fathi M, Chantre P, Vandermander J. Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Dec;70(6):1040-5. PubMed PMID: 10584049.
  90. Dulloo AG, Seydoux J, Girardier L, Chantre P, Vandermander J. Green tea and thermogenesis: interactions between catechin-polyphenols, caffeine and sympathetic activity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Feb;24(2):252-8. PubMed PMID: 10702779.
  91. Dulloo, A. G., Fathi, M., Mensi, N. & Girardier, L. (1996) Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure and urinary catecholamines of humans consuming low-to-moderate amounts of medium-chain triglycerides: a dose-response study in human respiratory chamber. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 50:152-158.
  92. Dvorakova K, Dorr RT, Valcies S, Timmermann B, Apounderts DS: Pharmacokinetics of the green tea derivative, EGCG, by the topical route of administration in mouse and human skin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol43 :331 –335,1999 .
  93. Eaton SB, Cordain L, Sparling PB. Evolution, body composition, insulin receptor competition, and insulin resistance. Prev Med. 2009 Oct;49(4):283-5. Epub 2009 Aug 15. PubMed PMID: 19686772.
  94. Eaton SB, Eaton SB 3rd, Konner MJ. Paleolithic nutrition revisited: a twelve-year retrospective on its nature and implications. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997 Apr;51(4):207-16. Review. PubMed PMID: 9104571.
  95. Eaton SB, Konner MJ, Cordain L. Diet-dependent acid load, Paleolithic nutrition, and evolutionary health promotion. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Feb;91(2):295-7. Epub 2009 Dec 30. PubMed PMID: 20042522.
  96. Ebbesson SO, Schraer CD, Risica PM, et al. Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in three Alaskan Eskimo populations: The Alaska-Siberia Project. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:563-569.
  97. Eisenstein J, Roberts SB, Dallal G, Saltzman E: High protein weight loss diets: are they safe and do they work? A review of the experimental and epidemiologic data. Nutr Rev60 :189 –200,2002 .
  98. Elmets CA, Singh D, Tubesing K, Matsui M, Katiyar S, Mukhtar H: Cutaneous photoprotection from ultraviolet injury by green tea polyphenols. J Am Acad Dermatol44 :425 –432,2001 .
  99. Engell D. Effects of beverage consumption and hydration status on caloric intake. In: Marriott BM (ed). Committee on Military Nutrition Research Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Institute of Medicine: Washington, DC, 1995, pp 217–238.
  100. Evans EM, Mojtahedi MC, Thorpe MP, Valentine RJ, Kris-Etherton PM, Layman DK. Effects of protein intake and gender on body composition changes: a randomized clinical weight loss trial. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2012 Jun 12;9(1):55. PubMed PMID: 22691622; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3407769.
  101. Farnsworth E, Luscombe ND, Noakes M, Wittert G, Argyiou E, Clifton PM. Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on body composition, glycemic control, and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese hyperinsulinemic men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:31–9.
  102. Fisher, H. & Kuunitz, H. (1964) Effects of medium-and long-chain saturated triglycerides on blood and liver cholesterol of chicken and rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 116:278-280.
  103. Flatt, J. P., Ravussin, E., Acheson, K. J. & Jequier, E. (1985) Effects of dietary fat on postprandial substrate oxidation and on carbohydrate and fat balances. J. Clin. Investig. 76:1019-1024.
  104. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, McGuckin BG, Brill C, Mohammed S: A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet. N Eng J Med348 :2082 –2090,2003
  105. Fraser GE, Sabate J, Beeson WL, Strahan TM. A possible protective effect of nut consumption on risk of coronary heart disease. The Adventist Health Study. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:1416–24.
  106. Frassetto LA, Schloetter M, Mietus-Synder M, Morris RC Jr, Sebastian A. Metabolic and physiologic improvements from consuming a paleolithic, hunter-gatherer type diet. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009 Aug;63(8):947-55. Epub 2009 Feb 11. PubMed PMID: 19209185.
  107. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E: Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001, 9 Suppl 1:1S-40S.
  108. Friedman JM. Modern science versus the stigma of obesity. Nat Med. 2004 Jun;10(6):563-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 15170194.
  109. Friedman M, Levin CE, Lee SU, Kozukue N. Stability of green tea catechins in commercial tea leaves during storage for 6 months. J Food Sci. 2009 Mar;74(2):H47-51. PubMed PMID: 19323750.
  110. Frisch S, Zittermann A, Berthold HK, Götting C, Kuhn J, Kleesiek K, Stehle P, Körtke H. A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of carbohydrate-reduced or fat-reduced diets in patients attending a telemedically guided weight loss program. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009 Jul 18;8:36. PubMed PMID: 19615091; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2722581.
  111. Frost G, Keogh B, Smith D, Akinsanya K, Leeds A.(1996). The effect of low-glycemic carbohydrate on insulin and glucose response in vivo and in vitro in patients with coronary heart disease. Metabolism, 45: 669-672.
  112. Frost G, Leeds AA, Dore CJ, et al. Glycaemic index as a determinant of serum HDL-cholesterol concentration. Lancet. 1999;353:1045-1048.
  113. Fuhrman, Joel. Eat to Live: The Revolutionary Formula for Fast and Sustained Weight Loss. London: Little, Brown and Company, 2005. Print.
  114. Fukagawa NK, Anderson JW, Hageman G, Young VR, Minaker KL. High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets increase peripheral insulin sensitivity in healthy young and old adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;52:524-528.
  115. Furuse, M., Mabayo, R. T., Kita, K. & Okumura, J. (1992) Effect of dietary medium chain triglyceride on protein and energy utilization in growing chicks.Br. Poultry Sci. 33:49-57.
  116. Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ, Saeed A, Jordan K, Hoover H. An increase in dietary protein improves the blood glucose response in persons with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Oct;78(4):734-41. PubMed PMID: 14522731.
  117. Gannon MC, Nuttall JA, Damberg G, Gupta V, Nuttall FQ. Effect of protein ingestion on the glucose appearance rate in people with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:1040–7. doi: 10.1210/jc.86.3.1040.
  118. Garg A, Bantle JP, Henry RR, Coulston AM, Griver KA, Raatz SK, Brinkley L, Chen YD, Grundy SM, Huet BA, et al. Effects of varying carbohydrate content of diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 1994 May 11;271(18):1421-8. PubMed PMID: 7848401.
  119. Geleijnse J, Launer L, Hofman A, Pols H, Witteman J: Tea flavonoids may protect against atherosclerosis: The Rotterdam Study. Arch Intern Med159 :2170 –2174,1999 .
  120. Geliebter, A., Torbay, N., Bracco, E. F., Hashim, S. A. & Van Itallie, T. B. (1983) Overfeeding with medium-chain triglyceride diet results in diminished deposition of fat. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 37:1-4.
  121. Geliebter, A., Torbay, N., Bracco, E., Hashim, S. A. & Van Itallie, T. B. (1983) Overfeeding with medium-chain triglyceride diet results in diminished deposition of fat. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 37:1-4.
  122. Gibala MJ, McGee SL. Metabolic adaptations to short-term high-intensity interval training: a little pain for a lot of gain? Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2008 Apr;36(2):58-63. Review. PubMed PMID: 18362686.
  123. Gramenzi A, Gentile A, Fasoli M, Negri E, Parazzini F, La Vecchia C. Association between certain foods and risk of acute myocardial infarction in women. BMJ. 1990 Mar 24;300(6727):771-3. PubMed PMID: 2322737; PubMed CentralPMCID: PMC1662535.
  124. Green RJ, Murphy AS, Schulz B, Watkins BA, Ferruzzi MG. Common tea formulations modulate in vitro digestive recovery of green tea catechins. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Sep;51(9):1152-62. PubMed PMID: 17688297.
  125. Gupta SK, Halder N, Srivastava S, Trivedi D, Joshi S, Varma SD: Green tea (Camellia sinensis) protects against selenite-induced oxidative stress in experimental cataractogenesis. Ophthalmic Res34 :258 –263,2002 .
  126. Gutierrez M, Akhavan M, Jovanovic L, Peterson CM. Utility of a short-term 25% carbohydrate diet on improving glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998 Dec;17(6):595-600. PubMed PMID: 9853539.
  127. Ha E, Zemel MB. Functional properties of whey, whey components, and essential amino acids: mechanisms underlying health benefits for active people (review). J Nutr Biochem. 2003 May;14(5):251-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 12832028.
  128. Hagg A, Jacobson T, Nordlund G, Rossner S. Effects of milk or water on lunch intake in preschool children. Appetite 1998;31:83–92.
  129. Haimoto H, Sasakabe T, Wakai K, Umegaki H. Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on glycemic control in outpatients with severe type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2009 May 6;6:21. PubMed PMID: 19419563; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2690585.
  130. Halton TL, Hu FB. The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Oct;23(5):373-85.Review. PubMed PMID: 15466943.
  131. Harvey RF. Gut peptides and the control of food intake. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983 Nov 26;287(6405):1572-4. PubMed PMID: 6416508; PubMed Central PMCID:PMC1549802.
  132. Hashim, S. A. & Tantibhedyangkul, P. (1987) Medium chain triglyceride in early life: effect of growth of adipose tissue. Lipids 22:429-434.
  133. Hertog M, Sweetnam P, Fehily A, Elwood P, Kromhout D: Antioxidant flavonols and ischemic heart disease in a Welsh population of men: The Caerphilly study. Am J Clin Nutr65 :1489 –1494,1997 .
  134. Hickey JT, Hickey L, Yancy WS, Hepburn J, Westman EC. Clinical use of a carbohydrate-restricted diet to treat the dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome.Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2003 Sep;1(3):227-32. PubMed PMID: 18370666.
  135. Hill AJ, Blundell JE: Macronutrients and satiety; the effects of a high protein or high carbohydrate meal on subjective motivation to eat and food preferences. Nutr Behav3 :133 –144,1986 .
  136. Hill JO, Peters JC, Reed GW, Schlundt DG, Sharp T, Greene HL. Nutrient balance in humans: effects of diet composition. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:10–7.
  137. Hill, J. O., Peters, J. C., Lin, D., Yakubu, F., Greene, H. & Swift, L. (1993) Lipid accumulation and body fat distribution is influenced by type of dietary fat fed to rats. Int. J. Obes. 17:223-236.
  138. Hill, J. O., Peters, J. C., Yang, D., Sharp, T., Kaler, M., Abumrad, N. N. & Greene, H. L. (1989) Thermogenesis in humans during overfeeding with medium-chain triglycerides. Metabolism 38:641-648.
  139. Hirano R, Momiyama Y, Takahashi R, Taniguchi H, Kondo K, Nakamura H, Ohusuzu F: Comparison of green tea intake in Japanese patients with and without angiographic coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol90 :1150 –1153,2002 .
  140. Hodgson JM, Devine A, Puddey IB, Chan SY, Beilin LJ, Prince RL: Tea intake is inversely related to blood pressure in older women. J Nutr133 :2883 –2886,2003 .
  141. Hoffer LJ, Bistrian BR, Young VR, Blackburn GL, Matthews DE. Metabolic effects of very low calorie weight reduction diets. J Clin Invest. 1984 Mar;73(3):750-8. PubMed PMID: 6707202; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC425077.
  142. Hoshiyama Y, Kawaguchi T, Miura Y, Mizou T, Tokui N, Yatsuya H, Sakata K, Kondo T, Kikuchi S, Toyoshima H, Hayakawa N, Tamakoshi A, Ohno Y, Yoshimura T: A nested case-control study of stomach cancer in relation to green tea consumption in Japan. Br J Cancer90 :135 –138,2004 .
  143. Howarth NC, Saltzman E, Roberts SB. Dietary fiber and weight regulation. Nutr Rev. 2001 May;59(5):129-39. Review. PubMed PMID: 11396693.
  144. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/93/5/950.full
  145. http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp
  146. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism
  147. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_population
  148. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Muslim_population
  149. http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/newsplus/eating-white-rice-regularly-may-raise-type-2-diabetes-risk/
  150. http://rawfoodsos.com/2011/09/22/forks-over-knives-is-the-science-legit-a-review-and-critique
  151. http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2004/complete_report/index.htm
  152. http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/lung-cancer/resources/facts-figures/lung-cancer-fact-sheet.html
  153. http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search
  154. http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/
  155. http://www.raw-food-health.net/NumberOfVegetarians.html
  156. http://www.who.int/diabetes/facts/world_figures/en/
  157. Hu CC, Qing K, Chen Y: Diet-induced changes in stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 expression in obesity-prone and -resistant mice. Obes Res 12 : 1264 –1270,2004
  158. Hu F, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Frequent nut consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 1998;317:1341–5.
  159. Hu FB, Manson JE, Willett WC. Types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a critical review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001 Feb;20(1):5-19. Review. PubMed PMID: 11293467.
  160. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rimm E, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Hennekens CH, Willett WC. Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1997 Nov 20;337(21):1491-9. PubMed PMID: 9366580.
  161. Hu FB, Willett WC. Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 2002 Nov 27;288(20):2569-78. Review. PubMed PMID: 12444864.
  162. Hunt JR, Gallagher SK, Johnson LK, Lykken GI. High- versus low-meat diets: effects on zinc absorption, iron status, and calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nitrogen, phosphorus, and zinc balance in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Sep;62(3):621-32. PubMed PMID: 7661125.
  163. Hunter GR, Wetzstein CJ, Fields DA, Brown A, Bamman MM. Resistance training increases total energy expenditure and free-living physical activity in older adults. J Appl Physiol. 2000 Sep;89(3):977-84. PubMed PMID: 10956341.
  164. Hwang, S.G., Yano, H. & Kawashima, R. (1993) Influence of dietary medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides on fat deposition and lipogenic enzyme activities in rats. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 12:643-650.
  165. Ishizuk H, Eguchi H, Oda T, Ogawa S, Nakagawa K, Honjo S, Kono S: Relation of coffee, green tea, and caffeine intake to gallstone disease in middle-age Japanese men. Eur J Epidemiol18 :401 –405,2003 .
  166. Iso H, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rexrode K, Hu FB, Hennekens CH, Colditz GA: Prospective study of fat and protein intake and risk of intraparenchymal hemorrhage in women. Circulation103 :856 –863,2001
  167. Jacobson TA. Beyond lipids: the role of omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2007 Aug;9(2):145-53. Review. PubMed PMID: 17877924.
  168. Jacobson TA. Secondary prevention of coronary artery disease with omega-3 fatty acids. Am J Cardiol. 2006 Aug 21;98(4A):61i-70i. Epub 2006 May 30. Review. PubMed PMID: 16919518.
  169. Jaminet, Paul, and Shou Jaminet. Perfect health diet: regain health and lose weight by eating the way you were meant to eat. New York: Scribner, 2012. Print.
  170. Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Kalmusky J, et al. Low glycemic index carbohydrate foods in the management of hyperlipidemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985;42:604-617.
  171. Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Vuksan V, Brighenti F, Cunnane SC, Rao AV, Jenkins AL, Buckley G, Patten R, Singer W, et al. Nibbling versus gorging: metabolic advantages of increased meal frequency. N Engl J Med. 1989 Oct 5;321(14):929-34. PubMed PMID: 2674713.
  172. Jian L, Xie LP, Lee AH, Binns CW: Protective effect of green tea against prostate cancer: A case-control study in southeast China. Int J Cancer108 :130 –135,2004 .
  173. Johnston KL, Clifford MN, Morgan LM. Coffee acutely modifies gastrointestinal hormone secretion and glucose tolerance in humans: glycemic effects of chlorogenic acid and caffeine. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Oct;78(4):728-33. PubMed PMID: 14522730.
  174. Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Ahrén B, Branell UC, Pålsson G, Hansson A, Söderström M, Lindeberg S. Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over pilot study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009;8:35
  175. Jordan J. Acute effect of water on blood pressure. What do we know? Clin Auton Res. 2002 Aug;12(4):250-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 12357278.
  176. Juhel C, Armand M, Pafumi Y, Rosier C, Vandermander J, Larson D: Green tea extract (AR25®) inhibits lipolysis of triglycerides in gastric and duodenal medium in vitro. J Nutr Biochem11 :45 –51,2000 .
  177. Kakuda T: Neuroprotective effects of the tea components theanine and catechins. Biol Pharm Bull25 :1513 –1518,2002 .
  178. Kao YH, Chang HH, Lee MJ, Chen CL. Tea, obesity, and diabetes. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2006 Feb;50(2):188-210. Review. PubMed PMID: 16416476
  179. Katan MB, Zock PL, Mensink RP. Effects of fats and fatty acids on blood lipids in humans: an overview. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Dec;60(6 Suppl):1017S-1022S. Review. PubMed PMID: 7977143.
  180. Keller U, Szinnai G, Bilz S, Berneis K. Effects of changes in hydration on protein, glucose and lipid metabolism in man: impact on health. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Dec;57 Suppl 2:S69-74. PubMed PMID: 14681716.
  181. Kerstetter JE, O’Brien KO, Caseria DM, Wall DE, Insogna KL. The impact of dietary protein on calcium absorption and kinetic measures of bone turnover in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jan;90(1):26-31.
  182. Kerstetter JE, O’Brien KO, Insogna KL. Dietary protein affects intestinal calcium absorption. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Oct;68(4):859-65. PubMed PMID: 9771863.
  183. Kerstetter JE, Wall DE, O’Brien KO, Caseria DM, Insogna KL. Meat and soy protein affect calcium homeostasis in healthy women. J Nutr. 2006 Jul;136(7):1890-5
  184. Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Beral V, Reeves G, Burr ML, Chang-Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R, Kuzma JW, Mann J, McPherson K. Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Sep;70(3 Suppl):516S-524S. PubMed PMID: 10479225.
  185. Key TJ, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Burr ML. Dietary habits and mortality in 11,000 vegetarians and health conscious people: results of a 17-year follow-up. BMJ 1996;313:775–9.
  186. Kim HK, Della-Fera M, Lin J, Baile CA. Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits adipocyte differentiation and induces apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Nutr. 2006 Dec;136(12):2965-9. PubMed PMID: 17116704.
  187. King, J., Panton, L., Broeder, C., Browder, K., Quindry, J., & Rhea, L. (2001). A comparison of high intensity vs. low intensity exercise on body composition in overweight women. Medicine and Science in Sports & Exercise, 33, A2421
  188. Kissebah AH, Krakower GR. Regional adiposity and morbidity. Physiol Rev 1994; 74: 761–811.
  189. Klein S, Sheard NF, Pi-Sunyer X, Daly A, Wylie-Rosett J, Kulkarni K, Clark NG; American Diabetes Association; North American Association for the Study of Obesity; American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Weight management through lifestyle modification for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: rationale and strategies. A statement of the American Diabetes Association, the North American Association for the Study of Obesity, and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;80(2):257-63. Review. PubMed PMID: 15277143.
  190. Komachi Y, Iida M, Shimamoto T: Geographic and occupational comparisons of risk factors in cardiovascular diseases in Japan. Jpn Circ J35 :189 –207,1971
  191. Koopmans, Henry S. Experimental studies on the control of food intake.. In: Bray GA, Couchard d, James WP, eds. Handbook of Obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997: 273-311.
  192. Kovacs EM, Lejeune MP, Nijs I, Westerterp-Plantenga MS: Effects of green tea on weight maintenance after body-weight loss. Br J Nutr91 :431 –437,2004 .
  193. Krauss RM, Blanche PJ, Rawlings RS, Fernstrom HS, Williams PT. Separate effects of reduced carbohydrate intake and weight loss on atherogenic dyslipidemia. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:1025–31.
  194. Krezowski PA, Nuttall FQ, Gannon MC, Bartosh NH. The effect of protein ingestion on the metabolic response to oral glucose in normal individuals. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986 Dec;44(6):847-56. PubMed PMID: 3538843.
  195. Krieger JW, Sitren HS, Daniels MJ, Langkamp-Henken B. Effects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body mass and composition during energy restriction: a meta-regression 1. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Feb;83(2):260-74. PubMed PMID: 16469983.
  196. Krissansen GW. Emerging health properties of whey proteins and their clinical implications. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007 Dec;26(6):713S-23S. Review. PubMed PMID: 18187438.
  197. Kromhout D, Bosscheiter EB, de Lezenne Coulander C. The inverse relation between seafood consumption and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1985;312:1205–9.
  198. Lambert JD, Yang CS: Mechanisms of cancer prevention by tea constituents. J Nutr133 :3262 –3267,2003.
  199. Larosa JC, Fry AG, Muesing R, Rosing DR: Effects of high-protein, low-carbohydrate dieting on plasma lipoproteins and body weight. J Am Diet Assoc 1980, 77(3):264-270.
  200. Larsen TM, Dalskov SM, van Baak M, Jebb SA, Papadaki A, Pfeiffer AF, Martinez JA, Handjieva-Darlenska T, Kunešová M, Pihlsgård M, Stender S, Holst C, Saris WH, Astrup A; Diet, Obesity, and Genes (Diogenes) Project. Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance. N Engl J Med. 2010 Nov 25;363(22):2102-13. PubMed PMID: 21105792; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3359496.
  201. Lasekan, J. B., Rivera, J., Hirvonen, M. D., Keesey, R. E. & Ney, D. M. (1992) Energy expenditure in rats maintained with intravenous or intragastric infusion of total parenteral nutrition solutions containing medium- or long-chain triglyceride emulsions. J. Nutr. 122:1483-1492.
  202. Lasker DA, Evans EM, Layman DK. Moderate carbohydrate, moderate protein weight loss diet reduces cardiovascular disease risk compared to high carbohydrate, low protein diet in obese adults: A randomized clinical trial. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2008 Nov 7;5:30. PubMed PMID: 18990242; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2585565.
  203. Laurie SA, Miller VA, Grant SC, Kris MG: Phase I study of green tea extract in patients with advanced lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol55 :33 –38,2005 .
  204. Lavau, M. M. & Hashim, S. A. (1978) Effect of medium chain triglyceride on lipogenesis and body fat in the rat. J. Nutr. 108:613-620.
  205. Layman DK, Boileau RA, Erickson DJ, et al. A reduced ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein improves body composition and blood lipid profiles during weight loss in adult women. J Nutr 2003;133:411–7.
  206. Layman DK, Boileau RA, Erickson DJ, Painter JE, Shiue H, Sather C, Christou DD: A reduced ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein improves body composition and blood lipid profiles during weight loss in adult women. J Nutr 133 : 411 –417,2003
  207. Layman DK, Clifton P, Gannon MC, Krauss RM, Nuttall FQ. Protein in optimal health: heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 May;87(5):1571S-1575S. Review. PubMed PMID: 18469290.
  208. Layman DK, Evans E, Baum JI, Seyler J, Erickson DJ, Boileau RA. Dietary protein and exercise have additive effects on body composition during weight loss in adult women. J Nutr. 2005 Aug;135(8):1903-10. PubMed PMID: 16046715.
  209. Layman DK, Evans EM, Erickson D, Seyler J, Weber J, Bagshaw D, Griel A, Psota T, Kris-Etherton P. A moderate-protein diet produces sustained weight loss and long-term changes in body composition and blood lipids in obese adults. J Nutr. 2009 Mar;139(3):514-21. Epub 2009 Jan 21. PubMed PMID: 19158228.
  210. Layman DK, Shiue H, Sather C, Erickson DJ, Baum J. Increased dietary protein modifies glucose and insulin homeostasis in adult women during weight loss. J Nutr. 2003 Feb;133(2):405-10. PubMed PMID: 12566475.
  211. Layman DK. Dietary Guidelines should reflect new understandings about adult protein needs. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2009 Mar 13;6:12. PubMed PMID: 19284668; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2666737.
  212. Layman DK. Role of leucine in protein metabolism during exercise and recovery. Can J Appl Physiol. 2002 Dec;27(6):646-63. Review. PubMed PMID: 12501002.
  213. Layman DK. The role of leucine in weight loss diets and glucose homeostasis. J Nutr. 2003 Jan;133(1):261S-267S. Review. PubMed PMID: 12514305.
  214. Lee KW, Lee HJ, Lee CY. Antioxidant activity of black tea vs. green tea. J Nutr. 2002 Apr;132(4):785; author reply 786. PubMed PMID: 11925478.
  215. Lejeune MP, Kovacs EM, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Additional protein intake limits weight regain after weight loss in humans. Br J Nutr. 2005 Feb;93(2):281-9. PubMed PMID: 15788122.
  216. Levine AS, Billington CJ. Dietary fiber: does it affect food intake and body weight? In: Fernstrom JD, Miller GD, eds. Appetite and body weight regulation: sugar, fat, and macronutrient substitutes. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1994:191–200.
  217. Lindeberg S, Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Borgstrand E, Soffman J, Sjöström K, Ahrén B. A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease. Diabetologia. 2007 Sep;50(9):1795-807. Epub 2007 Jun 22. PubMed PMID: 17583796.
  218. Ling, P. R., Hamawy, K. J., Moldawer, L. L., Istfan, N., Bistrian, B. R. & Blackburn, G. L. (1986) Evaluation of the protein quality of diets containing medium- and long-chain triglyceride in healthy rats. J. Nutr. 116:343-349.
  219. Liu S, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Franz M, Sampson L, Hennekens CH, Manson JE. A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in U.S. women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jun;71(6):1455-61. PubMed PMID: 10837285.
  220. Longley, Robert. “Americans Now Spend Over 100 Hours a Year Commuting.” U.S. Government Info – Resources. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2010. .
  221. Lopez-Garcia E, van Dam RM, Rajpathak S, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hu FB. Changes in caffeine intake and long-term weight change in men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Mar;83(3):674-80. PubMed PMID: 16522916.
  222. Low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes. Stable improvement of bodyweight and glycemic control during 22 months follow-up Jørgen Vesti Nielsen and Eva Joensson Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006; 3: 22. Published online 2006 June 14. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-3-22. PMCID: PMC1526736
  223. Ludwig DS, Pereira MA, Kroenke CH, Hilner JE, Van Horn L, Slattery ML, Jacobs DR Jr. Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults. JAMA. 1999 Oct 27;282(16):1539-46. PubMed PMID: 10546693.
  224. Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective observational analysis. Lancet 2001;357:505–508.
  225. Luhovyy BL, Akhavan T, Anderson GH. Whey proteins in the regulation of food intake and satiety. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007 Dec;26(6):704S-12S. Review. PubMed PMID:18187437.
  226. Luscombe-Marsh ND, Noakes M, Wittert GA, Keogh JB, Foster P, Clifton PM.Carbohydrate-restricted diets high in either monounsaturated fat or protein are equally effective at promoting fat loss and improving blood lipids. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Apr;81(4):762-72
  227. Mabayo, R. T., Furuse, M., Murai, A. & Okumura, J. I. (1994) Interactions between medium-chain and long-chain triacylglycerols in lipid and energy metabolism in growing chicks. Lipids 29:139-144.
  228. Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Aug;84(2):274-88. Review. PubMed PMID: 16895873.
  229. Manninen AH. High-protein weight loss diets and purported adverse effects: where is the evidence? Sports Nutr Rev J 2004; 1: 45–51.
  230. Manninen, A.H. (2002) Protein metabolism in exercising humans with special reference to protein supplementation. Master thesis. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kuopio, Finland.
  231. Manning J, Roberts JC. Analysis of catechin content of commercial green tea products. J Herb Pharmacother. 2003;3(3):19-32. PubMed PMID: 15277054.
  232. Mattes RD. Dietary compensation by humans for supplemental energy provided as ethanol or carbohydrate in fluids. Physiol Behav 1996;59: 179–187.
  233. McAuley KA, Hopkins CM, Smith KJ, et al. Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women. Diabetol 48:8–16.
  234. McAuley KA, Hopkins CM, Smith KJ, McLay RT, Williams SM, Taylor RW, Mann JI. Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women. Diabetologia. 2005 Jan;48(1):8-16.
  235. McAuley KA, Smith KJ, Taylor RW, McLay RT, Williams SM, Mann JI. Long-term effects of popular dietary approaches on weight loss and features of insulin resistance. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006 Feb;30(2):342-9.
  236. McCullough ML, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL, Rimm EB, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Diet quality and major chronic disease risk in men and women: moving toward improved dietary guidance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Dec;76(6):1261-71. PubMed PMID: 12450892.
  237. McCullough ML, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, Rosner BA, Hu FB, Hunter DJ, Variyam JN, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of major chronic disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Nov;72(5):1214-22. PubMed PMID: 11063452
  238. McMillan-Price J, Petocz P, Atkinson F, et al. Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2006;166: 1466-75.
  239. Meckling KA, O’Sullivan C, Saari D: Comparison of a low-fat diet to a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss, body composition, and risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease in free-living, overweight men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:2717-2723.
  240. Meckling KA, Sherfey R. A randomized trial of a hypocaloric high-protein diet, with and without exercise, on weight loss, fitness, and markers of the Metabolic Syndrome in overweight and obese women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007 Aug;32(4):743-52. PubMed PMID: 17622289.
  241. Miller BV, Bertino J, Reed TG, Burrington C, Davidson LK, Green A, Gartung A, Nafziger A: An Evaluation of the Atkins’ Diet. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 2003, 1:299-309.
  242. Miller KB, Hurst WJ, Payne MJ, Stuart DA, Apgar J, Sweigart DS, Ou B. Impact of alkalization on the antioxidant and flavanol content of commercial cocoa powders. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Sep 24;56(18):8527-33. doi: 10.1021/jf801670p. Epub 2008 Aug 19. PubMed PMID: 18710243.
  243. Miller WC. Diet composition, energy intake, and nutritional status in relation to obesity in men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991 Mar;23(3):280-4. Review.PubMed PMID: 2020264.
  244. Miller WJ, Sherman WM, Ivy JL. Effect of strength training on glucose tolerance and post-glucose insulin response. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1984 Dec;16(6):539-43. PubMed PMID: 6392812.
  245. Mitscher LA, Jung M, Shankel D: Chemoprotection: a review of the potential therapeutic antioxidant properties of green tea (Camellia sinensis) and certain of its constituents. Med Res Rev17 :327 –332,1997 .
  246. Mittal A, Pate MS, Wylie RC, Tollesfsbol TO, Katiyar SK: EGCG down regulates telomerase in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells, leading to suppression of cell viability and induction of apoptosis. Int J Oncol24 :703 –710,2004 .
  247. Mojtahedi MC, Thorpe MP, Karampinos DC, Johnson CL, Layman DK, Georgiadis JG, Evans EM. The effects of a higher protein intake during energy restriction on changes in body composition and physical function in older women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011 Nov;66(11):1218-25. Epub 2011 Jul 27. PubMed PMID: 21798863.
  248. Mori TA, Bao DQ, Burke V, Puddey IB, Watts GF, Beilin LJ. Dietary seafood as a major component of a weight-loss diet: effect on serum lipids, glucose, and insulin metabolism in overweight hypertensive subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Nov;70(5):817-25. PubMed PMID: 10539741.
  249. Muraki S, Yamamoto S, Ishibashi H, Horiuchi T, Hosoi T, Suzuki T, Orimo H, Nakamura K: Green tea drinking is associated with increased bone mineral density. J Bone Miner Res18 : S241 –S241,2003 .
  250. Muscle logic : escalating density training changes the rules for maximum-impact strength training / Charles Staley.
  251. Nakachi K, Matsuyama S, Miyake S, Suganuma M, Imai K: Preventive effects of drinking green tea on cancer and cardiovascular disease: Epidemiological evidence for multiple targeting prevention. Biofactors13 :49 –54,2000 .
  252. Nationwide Food Consumption Surveys (1965, 1977-78) and NHANES (1988-94, 1999-02); Duffey & Popkin, Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007
  253. Newport, M. J., Storry, J. E. & Tcukley, B. (1979) Artificial rearing of pigs: medium chain triglycerides as a dietary source of energy and their effect on live-weight gain, feed: gain ratio, carcass composition and blood lipids. Br. J. Nutr. 41:85-93.
  254. Noakes M, Keogh JB, Foster PR, Clifton PM. Effect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet relative to a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional status, and markers of cardiovascular health in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jun;81(6):1298-306.
  255. Nordestgaard BG, Benn M, Schnohr P, Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. JAMA. 2007 Jul 18;298(3):299-308. PubMed PMID: 17635890.
  256. Norton LE, Layman DK, Bunpo P, Anthony TG, Brana DV, Garlick PJ. The leucine content of a complete meal directs peak activation but not duration of skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in rats. J Nutr. 2009 Jun;139(6):1103-9. Epub 2009 Apr 29. PubMed PMID: 19403715.
  257. Norton LE, Layman DK. Leucine regulates translation initiation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle after exercise. J Nutr. 2006 Feb;136(2):533S-537S. PubMed PMID: 16424142.
  258. Norton LE, Wilson GJ, Layman DK, Moulton CJ, Garlick PJ. Leucine content of dietary proteins is a determinant of postprandial skeletal muscle protein synthesis in adult rats. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2012 Jul 20;9(1):67. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 22818257.
  259. Nuttall FQ, Gannon MC. Metabolic response of people with type 2 diabetes to a high protein diet. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Sep 13;1(1):652.
  260. Nuttall FQ, Gannon MC. The metabolic response to a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2006 Feb;55(2):243-51.
  261. O’Dea K, Traianedes K, Chisholm K, Leyden H, Sinclair AJ. Cholesterol-lowering effect of a low-fat diet containing lean beef is reversed by the addition of beef fat. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;52:491-494.
  262. Obesity and leanness. Basic aspects. Stock, M., Rothwell, N., Author Affiliation: Dep. Physiology, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, London Univ., London, UK.
  263. O’Dea K. Marked improvement in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetic Australian aborigines after temporary reversion to traditional lifestyle. Diabetes. 1984 Jun;33(6):596-603. PubMed PMID: 6373464.
  264. O’Keefe JH Jr, Cordain L. Cardiovascular disease resulting from a diet and lifestyle at odds with our Paleolithic genome: how to become a 21st-century hunter-gatherer.Mayo Clin Proc 2004 Jan;79(1):101-8.
  265. Osterdahl M, Kocturk T, Koochek A, Wandell PE: Effects of a short-term intervention with a paleolithic diet in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008, 62(5):682-685.
  266. Otake S, Makimura M, Kuroki T: Anticaries effects of polyphenolic compounds from Japanese green tea. Caries Res25 :438 –442,1991 .
  267. P.J. Skerrett, and W.C. Willett. Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy: The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating. Free Press Trade Pbk. Ed ed. New York City: Free Press, 2005. Print.
  268. Paddon-Jones D, Sheffield-Moore M, Urban RJ, Sanford AP, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR, Ferrando AA. Essential amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation ameliorates muscle protein loss in humans during 28 days bedrest. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Sep;89(9):4351-8. PubMed PMID: 15356032.
  269. Paddon-Jones D, Westman E, Mattes RD, Wolfe RR, Astrup A, Westerterp-Plantenga M. Protein, weight management, and satiety. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 May;87(5):1558S-1561S. Review. PubMed PMID: 18469287.
  270. Pannemans DL, Schaafsma G, Westerterp KR. Calcium excretion, apparent calcium absorption and calcium balance in young and elderly subjects: influence of protein intake. Br J Nutr. 1997 May;77(5):721-9.
  271. Paoli A, Grimaldi K, D’Agostino D, Cenci L, Moro T, Bianco A, Palma A. Ketogenic diet does not affect strength performance in elite artistic gymnasts. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012 Jul 26;9(1):34. PubMed PMID: 22835211; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3411406.
  272. Papadaki A, Linardakis M, Larsen TM, van Baak MA, Lindroos AK, Pfeiffer AF, Martinez JA, Handjieva-Darlenska T, Kunesová M, Holst C, Astrup A, Saris WH, Kafatos A; DiOGenes Study Group. The effect of protein and glycemic index on children’s body composition: the DiOGenes randomized study. Pediatrics. 2010 Nov;126(5):e1143-52. Epub 2010 Oct 11. PubMed PMID: 20937657.
  273. Park H, Ko S, Kim J, Kim S: Effects of green tea extracts and polyphenols on the proliferation and activity of bone cells. J Bone Miner Res18 : S342 ,2003 .
  274. Parker B, Noakes M, Luscombe N, Clifton P. Effect of a high protein, high monounsaturated fat weight loss diet on glycemic control and lipid levels in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care.2002;25:425–30. doi: 10.2337/diacare.25.3.425.
  275. Parker B, Noakes M, Luscombe N, Clifton P: Effect of a high protein, high monounsaturated fat weight loss diet on glycemic control and lipid levels in type-2 diabetes. Diabetes Care25 :425 –430,2002
  276. Parker, B., Noakes, M., Luscombe, N. & Clifton, P. (2002) Effect of a high-protein, monounsaturated fat weight loss diet on glycemic control and lipid levels in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 25:425-430.
  277. Pennings B, Boirie Y, Senden JM, Gijsen AP, Kuipers H, van Loon LJ: Whey protein stimulates postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than do casein and casein hydrolysate in older men. Am J Clin Nutr 2011, 93:997–1005.
  278. Peters U, Poole C, Arab L: Does tea affect cardiovascular disease? A meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol154 :495 –503,2001 .
  279. Phillips SM, Tipton KD, Aarsland A, Wolf SE, Wolfe RR. Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans. Am J Physiol. 1997 Jul;273(1 Pt 1):E99-107. PubMed PMID: 9252485.
  280. Phillips SM. Protein requirements and supplementation in strength sports. Nutrition. 2004 Jul-Aug;20(7-8):689-95. Review. PubMed PMID: 15212752.
  281. Phinney SD, Bistrian BR, Evans WJ, Gervino E, Blackburn GL. The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: preservation of submaximal exercise capability with reduced carbohydrate oxidation. Metabolism. 1983 Aug;32(8):769-76. PubMed PMID: 6865776.
  282. Piatti PM, Monti F, Fermo I, Baruffaldi L, Nasser R, Santambrogio G, Librenti MC, Galli-Kienle M, Pontiroli AE, Pozza G. Hypocaloric high-protein diet improves glucose oxidation and spares lean body mass: comparison to hypocaloric high-carbohydrate diet. Metabolism. 1994 Dec;43(12):1481-7. PubMed PMID: 7990700.
  283. Poehlman ET, Mepoundy C. Resistance training and energy balance. Int J Sport Nutr. 1998 Jun;8(2):143-59. Review. PubMed PMID: 9637193.
  284. Popkin BM, Armstrong LE, Bray GM, Caballero B, Frei B, Willett WC. A new proposed guidance system for beverage consumption in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Mar;83(3):529-42. Erratum in: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Aug;86(2):525. PubMed PMID: 16522898.
  285. Popkin BM, Nielsen SJ. The sweetening of the world’s diet. Obes Res. 2003 Nov;11(11):1325-32. PubMed PMID: 14627752.
  286. Poppitt SD, Eckhardt JW, McGonagle J, Murgatroyd PR, Prentice AM. Short-term effects of alcohol consumption on appetite and energy intake. Physiol Behav 1996;60:1063–1070.
  287. Ravnskov, Uffe, and Joel M. Kauffman. Fat and Cholesterol Are Good for You. [S.l.]: GP, 2009. Print.
  288. Rennie MJ, Edwards RH, Krywawych S, Davies CT, Halliday D, Waterlow JC, Millward DJ. Effect of exercise on protein turnover in man. Clin Sci (Lond). 1981 Nov;61(5):627-39. PubMed PMID: 7285508.
  289. Rieu I, Balage M, Sornet C, Debras E, Ripes S, Rochon-Bonhomme C, Pouyet C, Grizard J, Dardevet D: Increased availability of leucine with leucine-rich whey proteins improves postprandial muscle protein synthesis in aging rats. Nutrition 2007, 23:323–331.
  290. Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, et al. Vegetable, fruit, and cereal fiber intake and risk of coronary heart disease among men. JAMA. 1996;275:447-451.
  291. Rose, Geoffrey, and K. T. Khaw. Rose’s Strategy of Preventive Medicine the Complete Original Text. Oxford [etc.]: Oxford UP, 2008. Print.
  292. Rosengren RJ: Catechins and the treatment of breast cancer: Possible utility and mechanistic targets. Drugs6 :1073 –1078,2003 .
  293. Rothwell, N. J. & Stock, M. J. (1987) Stimulation of thermogenesis and brown fat activity in rats fed medium chain triglyceride. Metabolism36:128-130.
  294. Rudman D, DiFulco TJ, Galambos JT, Smith RB 3rd, Salam AA, Warren WD. Maximal rates of excretion and synthesis of urea in normal and cirrhotic subjects. J Clin Invest. 1973 Sep;52(9):2241-9. PubMed PMID: 4727456; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC333026.
  295. Salmerón J, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Spiegelman D, Jenkins DJ, Stampfer MJ, Wing AL, Willett WC. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of NIDDM in men. Diabetes Care. 1997 Apr;20(4):545-50. PubMed PMID: 9096978.
  296. Salmerón J, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Wing AL, Willett WC. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA. 1997 Feb 12;277(6):472-7. PubMed PMID: 9020271.
  297. Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily D, Mcgrory J: A low carbohydrate as compared with a low fat diet in severe obesity. N Eng J Med348 :2074 –2081,2003
  298. Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily DA, McGrory J, Williams T, Williams M, Gracely EJ, Stern L. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 22;348(21):2074-81. PubMed PMID: 12761364.
  299. Sasazuki S, Kodama H, Yoshimasu K, Liu Y, Washio M, Tanaka K, Tokunaga S, Kono S, Arai H, Doy Y, Kawano T, Nakagaki O, Takada K, Koyanagi S, Hiyamuta K, Nii T, Shirai K, Ideishi M, Arakawa K, Mohri M, Takeshita A: Relation between green tea consumption and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis among Japanese men and women. Ann Epidemiol10 :401 –408,2000 .
  300. Scalfi, L, Coltorti, A. & Contaldo, F. (1991) Postprandial thermogenesis in lean and obese subjects after meals supplemented with medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53:1130-1133.
  301. Schoeller DA, Buchholz AC. Energetics of obesity and weight control: does diet composition matter? J Am Diet Assoc. 2005 May;105(5 Suppl 1):S24-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 15867892.
  302. Seaton, T. B., Welle, S. L, Warenko, M. K. & Campbell, R. G. (1986) Thermic effect of medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides in man. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.44:630-634.
  303. Seeram NP, Henning SM, Niu Y, Lee R, Scheuller HS, Heber D. Catechin and caffeine content of green tea dietary supplements and correlation with antioxidant capacity. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Mar 8;54(5):1599-603. PubMed PMID: 16506807.
  304. Seshadri P, Iqbal N, Stern L, Williams M, Chicano KL, Daily DA, McGrory J, Gracely EJ, Rader DJ, Samaha FF. A randomized study comparing the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet and a conventional diet on lipoprotein subfractions and C-reactive protein levels in patients with severe obesity. Am J Med. 2004 Sep 15;117(6):398-405. Erratum in: Am J Med. 2006 Feb;119(2):191. PubMed PMID: 15380496.
  305. Sesso H, Gaziano J, Buring J, Hennekens C: Coffee and tea intake and the risk of myocardial infarction. Am J Epidemiol149 :162 –169,1999 .
  306. Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, Shahar DR, Witkow S, Greenberg I, Golan R, Fraser D, Bolotin A, Vardi H, Tangi-Rozental O, Zuk-Ramot R, Sarusi B, Brickner D, Schwartz Z, Sheiner E, Marko R, Katorza E, Thiery J, Fiedler GM, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Stampfer MJ; Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) Group. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 17;359(3):229-41. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2009 Dec 31;361(27):2681. PubMed PMID: 18635428.
  307. Sharman MJ, Kraemer WJ, Love DM, Avery NG, Gómez AL, Scheett TP, Volek JS. A ketogenic diet favorably affects serum biomarkers for cardiovascular disease in normal-weight men. J Nutr. 2002 Jul;132(7):1879-85. PubMed PMID: 12097663.
  308. Shimamoto T, Komachi Y, Inada H: Trends of coronary heart disease and stroke and their risk factors in Japan. Circulation79 :503 –513,1989
  309. Siddiqui IA, Afaq F, Adhami VM, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H: Antioxidants of the beverage tea in promotion of human health. Antioxid Redox Signal6 :571 –582,2004 .
  310. Simpson A, Shaw L, Smith AJ: The bio-availability of fluoride from black tea. J Dent29 :15 –21,2001 .
  311. Singh RB, Dubnov G, Niaz MA, et al. Effect of an Indo-Mediterraneandiet on progression of coronary artery disease in high risk patients (Indo-Mediterranean Diet Heart Study): a randomized single-blind trial. Lancet. 2002;360:1455-1461.
  312. Skov AR, Toubro S, Bülow J, Krabbe K, Parving HH, Astrup A. Changes in renal function during weight loss induced by high vs low-protein low-fat diets in overweight subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999 Nov;23(11):1170-7. PubMed PMID: 10578207.
  313. Skov AR, Toubro S, Rønn B, Holm L, Astrup A. Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999 May;23(5):528-36. PubMed PMID: 10375057.
  314. Skov AR, Toubro S, Ronn B, Holm L, Astrup A: Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity. Int J Obes23 :528 –536,1999
  315. Skov, A. R., Toubro, S., Ronn, B., Holm, L. & Astrup, A. (1999) Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity. Int. J. Obes. 23:528-536.
  316. Slattery ML, Randall DE. Trends in coronary heart disease mortality and food consumption in the United States between 1909 and 1980. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Jun;47(6):1060-7. PubMed PMID: 3376904.Davidson MH, Hunninghake D, Maki KC, Kwiterovich PO Jr, Kafonek S. Comparison of the effects of lean red meat vs lean white meat on serum lipid levels among free-living persons with hypercholesterolemia: a long-term, randomized clinical trial. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Jun 28;159(12):1331-8. PubMed PMID: 10386509.
  317. Son C, Hosoda K, Ishihara K, Bevilacqua L, Masuzaki H, Fushiki T, Harper ME, Nakao K: Reduction of diet-induced obesity in transgenic mice overexpressing uncoupling protein 3 in skeletal muscle. Diabetologia 47 : 47 –54,2004
  318. Spencer H, Kramer L, Osis D, Norris C. Effect of a high protein (meat) intake on calcium metabolism in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1978 Dec;31(12):2167-80. PubMedPMID: 727162.
  319. Stamler J, Elliott P, Kesteloot H, et al. Inverse relation of dietary protein markers with blood pressure. Findings for 10,020 men and women in the INTERSALT Study. INTERSALT Cooperative Research Group INTERnational study of SALT and blood pressure Circ 1996;94:1629–34.
  320. Stevens J. Does dietary fiber affect food intake and body weight? J Am Diet Assoc. 1988;88:939-942, 945.
  321. St-Onge MP, Jones PJ. Physiological effects of medium-chain triglycerides: potential agents in the prevention of obesity. J Nutr. 2002 Mar;132(3):329-32. Review. PubMed PMID: 11880549.
  322. St-Onge MP, Lamarche B, Mauger JF, Jones PJ. Consumption of a functional oil rich in phytosterols and medium-chain triglyceride oil improves plasma lipid profiles in men. J Nutr. 2003 Jun;133(6):1815-20. PubMed PMID: 12771322.
  323. Stookey JD, Constant F, Popkin BM, Gardner CD. Drinking water is associated with weight loss in overweight dieting women independent of diet and activity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008 Nov;16(11):2481-8. Epub 2008 Sep 11. PubMed PMID: 18787524.
  324. Tang JE, Moore DR, Kujbida GW, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM: Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men. J Appl Physiol 2009, 107:987–992.
  325. The Evolutionary Basis for the therapeutic Effects of High Protein Diets: http://cathletics.com/articles/proteinDebate.pdf
  326. Thiagarajan G, Chandani S, Sundari CS, Rao SH, Kulkarni AV, Balasubramanian D: Antioxidant properties of green and black tea, and their potential ability to retard the progression of eye lens cataract. Exp Eye Res73 :393 –401,2001 .
  327. Tian WX, Li LC, Wu XD, Chen CC: Weight reduction by Chinese medicinal herbs may be related to inhibition of fatty acid synthase. Life Sci74 :2389 –2399,2004 .
  328. Tipton KD, Elliott TA, Cree MG, Aarsland AA, Sanford AP, Wolfe RR. Stimulation of net muscle protein synthesis by whey protein ingestion before and after exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jan;292(1):E71-6. Epub 2006 Aug 8. PubMed PMID: 16896166.
  329. Toda M, Okubo S, Ohnishi R, Shimamura T: Antibacterial and bactericidal activities of Japanese green tea. J Nippon Med Sch44 :669 –672,1989 .
  330. Trevisanato S, Kim Y: Tea and health. Nutr Rev58 :1 –10,2000 .
  331. Trock B, Lanza E, Greenwald P. Dietary fiber, vegetables, and colon cancer: critical review and meta-analyses of the epidemiologic evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1990 Apr 18;82(8):650-61. PubMed PMID: 2157027.
  332. Tsuji H, Kasai M, Takeuchi H, Nakamura M, Okazaki M, Kondo K. Dietary medium-chain triacylglycerols suppress accumulation of body fat in a double-blind, controlled trial in healthy men and women. J Nutr. 2001 Nov;131(11):2853-9. PubMed PMID: 11694608.
  333. Turkenkopf, I. J., Maggio, C. A. & Greenwood, M.R.G. (1982) Effect of high fat weanling diets containing either medium-chain triglycerides or long-chain triglycerides on the development obesity in the Zucker rat. J. Nutr.112:1254-1263.
  334. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2007. Nutrient Intakes from Food: Mean Amounts and Percentages of Calories from Protein, Carbohydrate, Fat, and Alcohol, One Day, 2003-2004. Available: www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/fsrg.
  335. van Dam RM. Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2008 Dec;33(6):1269-83. doi: 10.1139/H08-120. Review. PubMed PMID: 19088789
  336. Van Wymepoundeke V, Béridot-Thérond ME, de La Guéronnière V, Fantino M. Influence of repeated consumption of beverages containing sucrose or intense sweeteners on food intake. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004;58:154–161.
  337. Volek J, Sharman M, Gomez A, Judelson D, Rubin M, Watson G, Sokmen B, Silvestre R, French D, Kraemer W: Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women.
  338. Volek JS, Feinman RD. Carbohydrate restriction improves the features of Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolic Syndrome may be defined by the response to carbohydrate restriction. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Nov 16;2:31. PubMed PMID:16288655; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1323303. Citing: Rickman et al. 1974, LaRosa et al. 1980, Phinney et al. 1980, Phinney et al. 1983, Newbold, 1988, Volek et al. 2000, Sharman et al. 2002, Meckling et al. 2002, Westman et al. 2002, Dashti et al. 2003, Hays et al. 2003, Dashti et al. 2004, Boden et al. 2005, Brehm et al. 2003, Sondike et al. 2003, Samaha et al. 2003, Foster et al. 2003, Volek et al. 2004, Sharman et al. 2004, Brehm et al. 2004, Meckling et al. 2004, Stern et al. 2004, Yancy et al. 2004, Aude et al. 2004, Seshadri et al. 2004, McAuley et al. 2004, Dansinger et al. 2004.
  339. Volek JS, Sharman MJ, Gomez AL, et al. Comparison of a very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diet on fasting lipids, LDL subclasses, insulin resistance, and post-prandial lipemic responses in overweight women. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23:177–84.
  340. Walker-Lasker DA, Evans EM, Layman DK. Moderate carbohydrate, moderate protein weight loss diet reduces cardiovascular disease risk compared to high carbohydrate, low protein diet in obese adults: A randomized clinical trial. Nutr & Metab. 2008;5:30–9.
  341. Wang Y, Crawford MA, Chen J, Li J, Ghebremeskel K, Campbell TC, Fan W, Parker R, Leyton J. Fish consumption, blood docosahexaenoic acid and chronic diseases in Chinese rural populations. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2003 Sep;136(1):127-40. Review. PubMed PMID: 14527635.
  342. Weber JM, Ruzindana-Umunyana A, Sicar S, Cowan J: Adenovirus infection is inhibited in vitro by green tea catechins. J Clin Virol28 : S91 ,2003 .
  343. Weigle DS, Breen PA, Matthys CC, Callahan HS, Meeuws KE, Burden VR, Purnell JQ. A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jul;82(1):41-8
  344. Weigle DS, Levin BE: Defective dietary induction of uncoupling protein 3 in skeletal muscle of obesity-prone rats. Obes Res 8 : 385 –391,2000
  345. Weigle DS, Sande KJ, Iverius PH, Monsen ER, Brunzell JD. Weight loss leads toa marked decrease in nonresting energy expenditure in ambulatory human subjects. Metabolism. 1988 Oct;37(10):930-6. PubMed PMID: 3173112.
  346. Weigle DS. Human obesity. Exploding the myths. West J Med. 1990 Oct;153(4):421-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 2244378; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1002573.
  347. Weinreb O, Mandel S, Amit T, Youdim MB: Neurological mechanisms of green tea polyphenols in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. J Nutr Biochem15 :506 –516,2004 .
  348. “Weiss DJ, Anderton CR. Determination of catechins in matcha green tea by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 2003 Sep 5;1011(1-2):173-80. PubMed PMID: 14518774.
  349. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Lejeune MP, Nijs I, van Ooijen M, Kovacs EM. High protein intake sustains weight maintenance after body weight loss in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Jan;28(1):57-64.
  350. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Nieuwenhuizen A, Tomé D, Soenen S, Westerterp KR. Dietary protein, weight loss, and weight maintenance. Annu Rev Nutr. 2009;29:21-41. Review. PubMed PMID: 19400750.
  351. Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Protein intake and energy balance. Regul Pept. 2008 Aug 7;149(1-3):67-9. Epub 2008 Mar 25. Review. PubMed PMID: 18448177.
  352. Westerterp-Plantenga MS. The significance of protein in food intake and body weight regulation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003 Nov;6(6):635-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 14557793.
  353. Westman EC, Feinman RD, Mavropoulos JC, Vernon MC, Volek JS, Wortman JA, Yancy WS, Phinney SD. Low-carbohydrate nutrition and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Aug;86(2):276-84. Review. PubMed PMID: 17684196
  354. Westman EC, Yancy WS Jr, Mavropoulos JC, Marquart M, McDuffie JR. The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2008 Dec 19;5:36. PubMed PMID: 19099589; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2633336.Daniel M, Rowley KG, McDermott R, Mylvaganam A, O’Dea K. Diabetes incidence in an Australian aboriginal population: an 8-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1993-1998.
  355. White, M. D., Papamandjaris, A. A. & Jones, P.J.H. (1999) Enhanced postprandial energy expenditure with medium-chain fatty acid feeding is attenuated after 14 d in premenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69:883-889.
  356. Whitehead JM, McNeill G, Smith JS. The effect of protein intake on 24-h energy expenditure during energy restriction. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996;20:727–32.
  357. Willett WC, Leibel RL. Dietary fat is not a major determinant of body fat. AmJ Med. 2002 Dec 30;113 Suppl 9B:47S-59S. Review. PubMed PMID: 12566139.
  358. Willett WC, McCullough ML. Dietary pattern analysis for the evaluation of dietary guidelines. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17 Suppl 1:75-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 18296306.
  359. Willett WC. Dietary fat plays a major role in obesity: no. Obes Rev. 2002 May;3(2):59-68. Review. PubMed PMID: 12120421.
  360. Willett WC. Is dietary fat a major determinant of body fat? Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Mar;67(3 Suppl):556S-562S. Review. Erratum in: Am J Clin Nutr 1999 Aug;70(2):304. PubMed PMID: 9497170.
  361. Willi SM, Oexmann MJ, Wright NM, Collop NA, Key LL Jr. The effects of a high-protein, low-fat, ketogenic diet on adolescents with morbid obesity: body composition, blood chemistries, and sleep abnormalities. Pediatrics. 1998 Jan;101(1 Pt 1):61-7. PubMed PMID: 9417152.
  362. Williams GM, Williams CL, Weisburger JH. Diet and cancer prevention: The fiber first diet. Toxicol Sci. 1999 Dec;52(2 Suppl):72-86. Review. PubMed PMID: 10630594.
  363. Wilson J, Wilson GJ. Contemporary issues in protein requirements and consumption for resistance trained athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2006 Jun 5;3:7-27. PubMed PMID: 18500966; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2129150.
  364. Wolever TM. Metabolic effects of continuous feeding. Metabolism. 1990 Sep;39(9):947-51. PubMed PMID: 2202886.
  365. Wolfe BM, Giovannetti PM. Short term effects of substituting protein for carbohydrate in the diets of moderately hypercholesterolemic human subjects. Metabolism. 1991;40:338-343.
  366. Wolfe BM, Piché LA. Replacement of carbohydrate by protein in a conventional-fat diet reduces cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in healthy normolipidemic subjects. Clin Invest Med. 1999 Aug;22(4):140-8. PubMedPMID: 10497712.
  367. Wolfe BM: Potential role of raising dietary protein intake for reducing risk of atherosclerosis. Can J Cardiol11(Supp G) :127 g –131 g,1995 .
  368. Wolfe RR. The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Sep;84(3):475-82. Review. PubMed PMID: 16960159.
  369. Wolfe, B. M. & Giovannetti, P. M. (1991) Short-term effects of substituting protein for carbohydrate in diets of moderately hypercholesterolemic human subjects. Metabolism 40:338-343.
  370. Wood, Philip A.. How fat works. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006. Print.
  371. World Bank, World Development Indicators, U.S. Census Bureau – Population Division, World Bank, World Development Indicators, “ESS Website ESS : Agricultural production.” FAO: FAO Home. N.p., n.d. Web. .
  372. World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington, DC: American Institute for Cancer Research, 1997.
  373. Worthington BS, Taylor LE: Balanced low calorie vs high protein, low carbohydrate reducing diets. J Am Diet Assoc64 :47 –51,1974 .
  374. Wu AH, Yu MC, Tseng CC, Hankin J, Pike MC: Green tea and risk of breast cancer in Asian Americans. Int J Cancer106 :574 –579,2003 .
  375. Wu CH, Lu FH, Chang CS, Chang TC, Wang RH, Chang CJ: Relationship among habitual tea consumption, percent body fat, and body fat distribution. Obes Res11 :1088 –1095,2003a .
  376. Wu LY, Juan CC, Hsu YP, Hwang LS: Effect of tea green supplementation on insulin sensitivity in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Agric Food Chem52 :643 –648,2004 .
  377. Xue C, Liu Y, Wang J, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zheng Z, Yu X, Jing H, Nosaka N, Arai C, Kasai M, Aoyama T, Wu J. Consumption of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols decreases body fat and blood triglyceride in Chinese hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jul;63(7):879-86. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2008.76. Epub 2009 Jan 21. PubMed PMID: 19156155.
  378. Yalçin AS. Emerging therapeutic potential of whey proteins and peptides. Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12(13):1637-43. Review. PubMed PMID: 16729875.
  379. Yamabe N, Kang KS, Hur JM, Yokozawa T. Matcha, a powdered green tea, ameliorates the progression of renal and hepatic damage in type 2 diabetic OLETF rats. J Med Food. 2009 Aug;12(4):714-21. PubMed PMID: 19735169.
  380. Yancy Jr WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, Bakst RP, Westman EC: A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med140 :769 –777,2004
  381. Yancy WS, Vernon MC, Westman EC: A pilot trial of low carbohydrate ketogenic diet in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolic syndrome and related disorders 2003, 1:239-243.
  382. Yang YC, Lu FH, Wu JS, Wu CH, Chang CJ: The protective effect of habitual tea consumption on hypertension. Arch Intern Med164 :1534 –1540,2004 .
  383. Yee YK, Koo MWL, Szeto ML: Chinese tea consumption and lower risk of Helicobacter infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol17 :552 –555,2002 .
  384. Yudkin J. Lancet 2, 155-162, 1957.
  385. Yudkin, John. Sweet and Dangerous. Washington D.C.: Natl Health Federation, 1978. Print.
  386. Zhang J, Kashket S: Inhibition of salivary amylase by black and green teas and their effects on the intraoral hydrolysis of starch. Caries Res32 :233 –236,1998 .
  387. Zhang M, Binns CV, Lee AH: Tea consumption and ovarian cancer risk: A case-control study in China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev11 :713 –718,2002 .
  388. Zhang Y, Guo K, LeBlanc RE, Loh D, Schwartz GJ, Yu YH. Increasing dietary leucine intake reduces diet-induced obesity and improves glucose and cholesterol metabolism in mice via multimechanisms. Diabetes. 2007 Jun;56(6):1647-54. Epub 2007 Mar 14. PubMed PMID: 17360978.
  389. Zheng G, Sayama K, Okubo T, Junefa LR, Oguni I: Anti-obesity effects of three major components of green tea, catechins, caffeine and theanine in mice. In vivo18 :55 –62,2004 .

Smarter Exercise

  1. “How just six minutes of exercise can be as healthy as six hours | Scotsman (Edinburgh, Scotland), the Newspaper | Find Articles at BNET.” Find Articles at BNET | News Articles, Magazine Back Issues & Reference Articles on All Topics. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. .
  2. “Metabolic syndrome – MayoClinic.com.” Mayo Clinic medical information and tools for healthy living – MayoClinic.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. .
  3. [|de Meijer J] (1998-05-01). Hormone sensitive lipase: structure, function and regulation. demeijer.com. http://demeijer.com/biology/scriptie.pdf. Retrieved 02-09-2010. A thesis written at the Biochemical Physiology Research Group, Department of Experimental Zoology, University of Utrecht, under supervision of dr. W. J. A. van Marrewijk
  4. 1998: Poehlman E T; Mepoundy C Resistance training and energy balance. International journal of sport nutrition 1998;8(2):143-59.
  5. Ades PA, Savage PD, Brochu M, Tischler MD, Lee NM, Poehlman ET. Resistance training increases total daily energy expenditure in disabled older women with coronary heart disease. J Appl Physiol. 2005 Apr;98(4):1280-5. PubMed PMID:15772059.
  6. Argyropoulos G, Harper ME. Uncoupling proteins and thermoregulation. J Appl Physiol. 2002 May;92(5):2187-98. Review.
  7. Babraj JA, Vollaard NB, Keast C, Guppy FM, Cottrell G, Timmons JA. Extremely short duration high intensity interval training substantially improves insulin action in young healthy males. BMC Endocr Disord. 2009 Jan 28;9:3. PubMed PMID: 19175906; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2640399.
  8. Baechle, Thomas R., and Roger W. Earle. Essentials of strength training and conditioning. 2nd ed. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics, 2000. Print
  9. Ballor, D.L., Becque, M.D., & Katch, V.L. (1987). Metabolic responses during hydraulic resistance training. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 19, 363-367.
  10. Baylor LS, Hackney AC. Resting thyroid and leptin hormone changes in women following intense, prolonged exercise training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003 Jan;88(4-5):480-4.
  11. Bengtsson BA, Edén S, Lönn L, Kvist H, Stokland A, Lindstedt G, Bosaeus I, Tölli J, Sjöström L, Isaksson OG. Treatment of adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency with recombinant human GH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Feb;76(2):309-17. PubMed PMID: 8432773.
  12. Berger RA. Effect of varied strength training programs on strength. Res Q 1962;33:168–81.
  13. Berger, R.A. (1962). Optimum repetitions for the development of strength. Research Quarterly 33, 334-338.
  14. Beylot M, Riou JP, Bienvenu F, Mornex R. Increased ketonaemia in hyperthyroidism. Evidence for a beta-adrenergic mechanism. Diabetologia. 1980;19(6):505-10.
  15. Björntorp P. The regulation of adipose tissue distribution in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996 Apr;20(4):291-302. Review. PubMed PMID: 8680455.
  16. Blackburn GL, Wilson GT, Kanders BS, Stein LJ, Lavin PT, Adler J, Brownell KD. Weight cycling: The experience of human dieters. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989 May;49(5 Suppl):1105-9. PubMed PMID: 2718940.
  17. Blair SN, Kohl HW 3rd, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Clark DG, Cooper KH, Gibbons LW. Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women. JAMA. 1989 Nov 3;262(17):2395-401. PubMed PMID: 2795824.
  18. Bosco C, Colli R, Bonomi R, von Duvillard SP, Viru A. Monitoring strength training: neuromuscular and hormonal profile. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000 Jan;32(1):202-8. PubMed PMID: 10647550.
  19. Boyden TW, Pamenter RW, Rotkis TC, Stanforth P, Wilmore JH. Thyroidal changes associated with endurance training in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1984 Jun;16(3):243-6.
  20. Burgomaster KA, Howarth KR, Phillips SM, Rakobowchuk M, Macdonald MJ, McGee SL, Gibala MJ. Similar metabolic adaptations during exercise after low volume sprint interval and traditional endurance training in humans. J Physiol. 2008 Jan 1;586(1):151-60. Epub 2007 Nov 8. PubMed PMID: 17991697; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2375551.
  21. Burt J, Wilson R, Willardson JM. A comparison of once versus twice per week training on leg press strength in women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2007 Mar;47(1):13-7. PubMed PMID: 17369792.
  22. Calles-Escandón J, Arciero PJ, Gardner AW, Bauman C, Poehlman ET. Basal fat oxidation decreases with aging in women. J Appl Physiol. 1995 Jan;78(1):266-71. PubMed PMID: 7713822
  23. Campos, G.E.R., Luecke, T.J.,Wendeln, H.K., et al. (2002). Muscular adaptations in response to three different resistance-training regimens: specificity of repetition maximum training zones. European Journal of Applied Physiology 88, 50-60.
  24. Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Abeysekara S, Zello GA. Short-term Heavy Resistance Training Eliminates Age-Related Deficits in Muscle Mass and Strength in Healthy
  25. Candow, Darren G., and Darren G. Burke. “Effect of short-term equal-volume resistance training with different workout frequency on muscle mass and strength in untrained men and women.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21.1 (2007): 204+. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 9 Dec. 2009. .
  26. Carpinelli RN, Otto RM. Strength training. Single versus multiple sets. Sports Med. 1998 Aug;26(2):73-84. Review. PubMed PMID: 9777681.
  27. Carpinelli RN. Berger in retrospect: effect of varied strength training programmes on strength. Br J Sports Med. 2002 Oct;36(5):319-24. Review. PubMed PMID: 12351327; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1724552
  28. Caulfield, Timothy A.. The cure for everything: untangling twisted messages about health, fitness, and happiness. Boston: Beacon Press, 2012. Print.
  29. Christmass MA, Dawson B, Arthur PG. Effect of work and recovery duration on skeletal muscle oxygenation and fuel use during sustained intermittent exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1999 Oct;80(5):436-47. PubMed PMID: 10502077.
  30. Clarkson PM, Nosaka K, Braun B. Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992 May;24(5):512-20. Review. PubMed PMID: 1569847.
  31. Cleak MJ, Eston RG. Muscle soreness, swelling, stiffness and strength loss after intense eccentric exercise. Br J Sports Med. 1992 Dec;26(4):267-72. PubMed PMID: 1490222; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1479005.
  32. Colliander EB, Tesch PA. Effects of eccentric and concentric muscle actions in resistance training. Acta Physiol Scand. 1990 Sep;140(1):31-9. PubMed PMID:2275403.
  33. Collins S, Cao W, Daniel KW, Dixon TM, Medvedev AV, Onuma H, Surwit R. Adrenoceptors, uncoupling proteins, and energy expenditure. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2001 Dec;226(11):982-90.
  34. Cope TC, Sokoloff AJ. Orderly recruitment among motoneurons supplying different muscles. J Physiol Paris. 1999 Jan-Apr;93(1-2):81-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 10084711.
  35. Costanzo, Linda S.. Physiology (Saunders Text and Review Series). 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 2002. Print.
  36. Coyle EF. Very intense exercise-training is extremely potent and time efficient: a reminder. J Appl Physiol. 2005 Jun;98(6):1983-4. PubMed PMID:15894535.
  37. Craig BW, Everhart J, Brown R. The influence of high-resistance training on glucose tolerance in young and elderly subjects. Mech Ageing Dev. 1989 Aug;49(2):147-57. Review. PubMed PMID: 2677535.
  38. D. Starkey, M. Welsch, and M. Pollock, “Equivalent Improvement in Strength Following High Intensity, Low and High Volume Training,” (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, Jone 2, 1994).)
  39. Danforth E Jr, Burger A. The role of thyroid hormones in the control of energy expenditure. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1984 Nov;13(3):581-95. Review.
  40. DeVries, Herbert A., and Terry J. Housh. Physiology of exercise for physical education, athletics, and exercise science. 5th ed. Madison, Wis.: WCB Brown & Benchmark, 1994. Print.
  41. Dudley GA, Tesch PA, Miller BJ, Buchanan P. Importance of eccentric actions in performance adaptations to resistance training. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1991 Jun;62(6):543-50. PubMed PMID: 1859341.
  42. Dudley, G.A. & Djamil, R. (1985). Incompatibility of endurance- and strength-training modes of exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 59, 1446-1455.
  43. Dudley, G.A., Tesch, P.A., Miller, B.J., & Buchanan, M.D. (1991). Importance of eccentric actions in performance adaptations to resistance training. Aviation, Space & Environmental Medicine 62, 543-550.
  44. Duncan PW, Chandler JM, Cavanaugh DK, Johnson KR, Buehler AG. Mode and speed specificity of eccentric and concentric exercise training. J Orthop Sports Phys ther. 1989;11(2):70-5. PubMed PMID: 18796927.
  45. Earnest CP. Exercise interval training: an improved stimulus for improving the physiology of pre-diabetes. Med Hypotheses. 2008 Nov;71(5):752-61. Epub 2008 Aug 15. PubMed PMID: 18707813.
  46. Eaton SB, Cordain L, Sparling PB. Evolution, body composition, insulin receptor competition, and insulin resistance. Prev Med. 2009 Oct;49(4):283-5. Epub 2009 Aug 15. PubMed PMID: 19686772.
  47. Effect of resistance training volume and complexity on EMG, strength, and regional body composition Journal European Journal of Applied Physiology Publisher Springer Berlin / Heidepounderg ISSN 1439-6319 (Print) 1439-6327 (Online) Issue Volume 90, Numbers 5-6 / November, 2003 Category Original Article DOI 10.1007/s00421-003-0930-3 Pages 626-632 Subject Collection Biomedical and Life SciencesSpringerLink Date Thursday, February 19, 2004
  48. Email correspondence with researcher John Little at on September 01, 2010.
  49. Enoka RM. Eccentric contractions require unique activation strategies by the nervous system. J Appl Physiol. 1996 Dec;81(6):2339-46. Review. PubMed PMID: 9018476
  50. FAO/OMS/UNU. Necessidades de energia e proteína: Série de relatos técnicos 724. Genebra: Organização Mundial da Saúde, 1998.
  51. Farthing JP, Chilibeck PD. The effects of eccentric and concentric training at different velocities on muscle hypertrophy. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003 Aug;89(6):578-86. Epub 2003 May 17. PubMed PMID: 12756571.
  52. Feinstein AR. The treatment of obesity: an analysis of methods, results, and factors which influence success. J Chronic Dis. 1960 Apr;11:349-93. PubMed PMID: 13821960.
  53. Ferrando AA, Sheffield-Moore M, Yeckel CW, Gilkison C, Jiang J, Achacosa A, Lieberman SA, Tipton K, Wolfe RR, Urban RJ. Testosterone administration to oldermen improves muscle function: molecular and physiological mechanisms. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Mar;282(3):E601-7. PubMed PMID: 11832363.
  54. Fridén J; Sjöström M; Ekblom B. Myofibrillar damage following intense eccentric exercise in man. Int J Sports Med.1983; 4(3):170-6 (ISSN: 0172-4622)
  55. Fry AC. The Role of Training Intensity in Resistance training Overtraining and Overreaching. In: Kreider RB. Fry AC, O’Toole ML, editors. Overtraining in sport. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1998: 107-27.
  56. Gibala M. Molecular responses to high-intensity interval exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2009 Jun;34(3):428-32. Review. PubMed PMID: 19448710.
  57. Gibala MJ, Little JP, van Essen M, Wilkin GP, Burgomaster KA, Safdar A, Raha S, Tarnopolsky MA. Short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. J Physiol. 2006 Sep 15;575(Pt 3):901-11. Epub 2006 Jul 6. PubMed PMID: 16825308; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1995688.
  58. Gibala MJ, McGee SL. Metabolic adaptations to short-term high-intensity interval training: a little pain for a lot of gain? Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2008 Apr;36(2):58-63. Review. PubMed PMID: 18362686.
  59. Gilliat-Wimberly M, Manore MM, Woolf K, Swan PD, Carroll SS. Effects of habitual physical activity on the resting metabolic rates and body compositions of women aged 35 to 50 years. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001 Oct;101(10):1181-8. PubMed PMID: 11678489.
  60. Goglia F, Moreno M, Lanni A. Action of thyroid hormones at the cellular level: the mitochondrial target. FEBS Lett. 1999 Jun 11;452(3):115-20. Review.
  61. Goglia F, Silvestri E, Lanni A. Thyroid hormones and mitochondria. Biosci Rep. 2002 Feb;22(1):17-32. Review.
  62. Golden CL, Dudley GA. Strength after bouts of eccentric or concentric actions. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992 Aug;24(8):926-33. PubMed PMID: 1406179.
  63. Golden CL, Graves JE, Buchanan P, Dudly G. Eccentric and Concentric Strength After Repeated Bouts of Intense Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23 (Suppl): 655A.
  64. Goto K, Ishii N, Kizuka T, Takamatsu K. The impact of metabolic stress on hormonal responses and muscular adaptations. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005 Jun;37(6):955-63. PubMed PMID: 15947720.
  65. Gotshalk, L.A., et.al. (1996).Pituitary-gonadal hormonal responses of multi-set vs. single -set resistance training.Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.10(4):286.
  66. Hansen S, Kvorning T, Kjaer M, Sjøgaard G. The effect of short-term strength training on human skeletal muscle: The importance of physiologically elevated hormone levels. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2001 Dec;11(6):347-54. PubMed PMID: 11782267.
  67. Haram PM, Kemi OJ, Lee SJ, Bendheim MØ, Al-Share QY, Waldum HL, Gilligan LJ, Koch LG, Britton SL, Najjar SM, Wisløff U. Aerobic interval training vs. continuous moderate exercise in the metabolic syndrome of rats artificially selected for low aerobic capacity. Cardiovasc Res. 2009 Mar 1;81(4):723-32. Epub 2008 Dec 1. PubMed PMID: 19047339; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2642601.
  68. Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD, Pearson J, Blackman MR; Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Feb;86(2):724-31. PubMed PMID: 11158037.
  69. Harrison BC, Leinwand LA. Fighting fat with muscle: bulking up to slim down. Cell Metab. 2008 Feb;7(2):97-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 18249167.
  70. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, Macera CA, Heath GW, Thompson PD, Bauman A; American College of Sports Medicine; American Heart Association. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007 Aug 28;116(9):1081-93. Epub 2007 Aug 1. PubMed PMID: 17671237.
  71. Hass CJ, Garzarella L, de Hoyos D, Pollock ML. Single versus multiple sets in long-term recreational weightlifters. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000 Jan;32(1):235-42. PubMed PMID: 10647555.
  72. Hather BM, Tesch PA, Buchanan P, Dudley GA. Influence of eccentric actions on skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance training. Acta Physiol Scand. 1991 Oct;143(2):177-85. PubMed PMID: 1835816.
  73. Helgerud J, Høydal K, Wang E, Karlsen T, Berg P, Bjerkaas M, Simonsen T, Helgesen C, Hjorth N, Bach R, Hoff J. Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve VO2max more than moderate training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Apr;39(4):665-71. PubMed PMID: 17414804.
  74. Henneman E, Olson Cb. Relations Between Structure And Function In the Design of Skeletal Muscles. J Neurophysiol. 1965 May;28:581-98. Pubmed Pmid: 14328455.
  75. Henneman E, Somjen G, Carpenter DO. Excitability and inhibitability of motoneurons of different sizes. J Neurophysiol. 1965 May;28(3):599-620. PubMed PMID: 5835487.
  76. Henneman E, Somjen G, Carpenter Do. Functional Significance of Cell Size In Spinal Motoneurons. J Neurophysiol. 1965 May;28:560-80. Pubmed Pmid: 14328454.
  77. Higbie EJ, Cureton KJ, Warren GL 3rd, Prior BM. Effects of concentric and eccentric training on muscle strength, cross-sectional area, and neural activation. J Appl Physiol. 1996 Nov;81(5):2173-81. PubMed PMID: 8941543.
  78. Hohtari H, Pakarinen A, Kauppila A. Serum concentrations of thyrotropin, thyroxine, triiodothyronine and thyroxine binding globulin in female endurance runners and joggers. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1987 Jan;114(1):41-6.
  79. Hortobágyi T, Barrier J, Beard D, Braspennincx J, Koens P, Devita P, Dempsey L, Lambert J. Greater initial adaptations to submaximal muscle lengthening than maximal shortening. J Appl Physiol. 1996 Oct;81(4):1677-82. PubMed PMID: 8904586.
  80. Hortobágyi T, Dempsey L, Fraser D, Zheng D, Hamilton G, Lambert J, Dohm L. Changes in muscle strength, muscle fibre size and myofibrillar gene expression after immobilization and retraining in humans. J Physiol. 2000 Apr 1;524 Pt 1:293-304. PubMed PMID: 10747199; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2269843.
  81. http://ijod.uaeu.ac.ae/iss_1701/f.pdf
  82. http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/expert.q.a/06/05/building.muscle.nutrition.jampolis/index.html Dr. Steve Fleck, chair of the Sport Science Department at Colorado College and a member of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
  83. Hu FB, Sigal RJ, Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Solomon CG, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Manson JE. Walking compared with vigorous physical activity and risk of type 2 diabetes in women: a prospective study. JAMA 1999;282:1433-1439.
  84. Hu FB, Willett WC, Li T, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Manson JE. Adiposity as compared with physical activity in predicting mortality among women. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2694-2703.
  85. Hunter GR, Wetzstein CJ, Fields DA, Brown A, Bamman MM. Resistance training increases total energy expenditure and free-living physical activity in older adults. J Appl Physiol. 2000 Sep;89(3):977-84. PubMed PMID: 10956341.
  86. Irving BA, Davis CK, Brock DW, Weltman JY, Swift D, Barrett EJ, Gaesser GA, Weltman A. Effect of exercise training intensity on abdominal visceral fat and body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008 Nov;40(11):1863-72. PubMed PMID:18845966; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2730190.
  87. Ivy JL, Zderic TW, Fogt DL. Prevention and treatment of non-insulin-dependentdiabetes mellitus. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1999;27:1-35. Review. PubMed PMID: 10791012.
  88. Izumiya Y, Hopkins T, Morris C, Sato K, Zeng L, Viereck J, Hamilton JA, Ouchi N, LeBrasseur NK, Walsh K. Fast/Glycolytic muscle fiber growth reduces fat mass and improves metabolic parameters in obese mice. Cell Metab. 2008 Feb;7(2):159-72. PubMed PMID: 18249175.
  89. Johnson JL, Slentz CA, Houmard JA, Samsa GP, Duscha BD, Aiken LB, McCartney JS, Tanner CJ, Kraus WE. Exercise training amount and intensity effects on metabolic syndrome (from Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise). Am J Cardiol. 2007 Dec 15;100(12):1759-66. Epub 2007 Oct 29. PubMed PMID: 18082522; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2190779.
  90. Kannel WB, Wilson P, Blair SN. Epidemiological assessment of the role of physical activity and fitness in development of cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J 1985;109:876-885.
  91. Katz B. The relation between force and speed in muscular contraction. J Physiol. 1939 Jun 14;96(1):45-64. PubMed PMID: 16995114; PubMed Central PMCID:PMC1393840.
  92. Kemi OJ, Haram PM, Loennechen JP, Osnes JB, Skomedal T, Wisløff U, Ellingsen Ø. Moderate vs. high exercise intensity: differential effects on aerobic fitness, cardiomyocyte contractility, and endothelial function. Cardiovasc Res. 2005 Jul 1;67(1):161-72. Epub 2005 Apr 20. PubMed PMID: 15949480.
  93. Keogh, J. W. L., G. J. Wilson, And R. P. Weatherby. A Crosssectional Comparison of Different Resistance Training Techniques In the Bench Press. J. Strength Cond. Res. 13:247–258, 1999.
  94. Kersten S. Mechanisms of nutritional and hormonal regulation of lipogenesis. EMBO Rep. 2001Apr;2(4):282-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 11306547; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1083868.
  95. Kesaniemi YK, Danforth E Jr, Jensen MD, Kopelman PG, Lefèbvre P, Reeder BA. Dose-response issues concerning physical activity and health: an evidence-based symposium. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Jun;33(6 Suppl):S351-8. PubMed PMID:11427759.
  96. King, J., Panton, L., Broeder, C., Browder, K., Quindry, J., & Rhea, L. (2001). A comparison of high intensity vs. low intensity exercise on body composition in overweight women. Medicine and Science in Sports & Exercise, 33, A2421
  97. Kolata, Gina Bari. Ultimate Fitness: The Quest for Truth about Exercise and Health. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003. Print
  98. Kolata, Gina Bari. Ultimate Fitness: The Quest for Truth about Exercise and Health. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003. Print.
  99. Komi PV, Buskirk ER. Effect of eccentric and concentric muscle conditioning on tension and electrical activity of human muscle. Ergonomics. 1972 Jul;15(4):417-34. PubMed PMID: 4634421.
  100. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004 Apr;36(4):674-88. Review. PubMed PMID: 15064596.
  101. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance training and training. Sports Med. 2005;35(4):339-61. Review. PubMed PMID:15831061.
  102. Kraemer WJ. Endocrine responses to resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc.1988 Oct;20(5 Suppl):S152-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 3057315.
  103. Kraemer,W.J. & Ratamess, N.A. (2004). Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, 674-688.
  104. Kraemer,W.J. & Ratamess, N.A. (2005). Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance training and training. Sports Medicine 35, 339-361.
  105. Lanni A, Moreno M, Lombardi A, Goglia F. Thyroid hormone and uncoupling proteins. FEBS Lett. 2003 May 22;543(1-3):5-10. Review.
  106. Lee IM, Sesso HD, Oguma Y, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Relative intensity of physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2003 Mar 4;107(8):1110-6. PubMed PMID: 12615787.
  107. Lee SJ. Regulation of muscle mass by myostatin. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2004;20:61-86. Review. PubMed PMID: 15473835.
  108. Leibel RL, Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J. Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. N Engl J Med. 1995 Mar 9;332(10):621-8. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 1995 Aug 10;333(6):399. PubMed PMID: 7632212.
  109. Leijendekker WJ, van Hardeveld C, Elzinga G. Heat production during contraction in skeletal muscle of hypothyroid mice. Am J Physiol. 1987 Aug;253(2 Pt 1):E214-20.
  110. Little, John, and Doug Mcguff. Body by Science: A Research Based Program to Get the Results You Want in 12 Minutes a Week. 1 ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008.
  111. Löllgen H, Böckenhoff A, Knapp G. Physical activity and all-cause mortality: an updated meta-analysis with different intensity categories. Int J Sports Med. 2009 Mar;30(3):213-24. Epub 2009 Feb 6. PubMed PMID: 19199202.
  112. Loucks AB, Callister R. Induction and prevention of low-T3 syndrome in exercising women. Am J Physiol. 1993 May;264(5 Pt 2):R924-30.
  113. Loucks AB, Heath EM. Induction of low-T3 syndrome in exercising women occurs at a threshold of energy availability. Am J Physiol. 1994 Mar;266(3 Pt 2):R817-23.
  114. Manson JE, Greenland P, LaCroix AZ, Stefanick ML, Mouton CP, Oberman A, Perri MG, Sheps DS, Pettinger MB, Siscovick DS. Walking compared with vigorous exercise for the prevention of cardiovascular events in women. N Engl J Med 2002;347:716-725.
  115. Manson JE, Hu FB, Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH.A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1999;341:650-658.
  116. Martin WH 3rd. Triiodothyronine, beta-adrenergic receptors, agonist responses, and exercise capacity. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993 Jul;56(1 Suppl):S24-34.
  117. Meirelles, Cláudia de MelloandGOMES, Paulo Sergio Chagas. Acute effects of resistance training on energy expenditure: revisiting the impact of the training variables. Rev Bras Med Esporte [online]. 2004, vol.10, n.2 [cited2010-08-10], pp. 122-130 .
  118. Melov S, Tarnopolsky MA, Beckman K, Felkey K, Hubbard A. Resistance exercise reverses aging in human skeletal muscle. PLoS One. 2007 May 23;2(5):e465. PubMed PMID: 17520024; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1866181.
  119. Mendell LM. The size principle: a rule describing the recruitment of motoneurons. J Neurophysiol. 2005 Jun;93(6):3024-6. PubMed PMID: 15914463.
  120. Miller WJ, Sherman WM, Ivy JL. Effect of strength training on glucose tolerance and post-glucose insulin response. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1984 Dec;16(6):539-43. PubMed PMID: 6392812.
  121. Milner-Brown HS, Stein RB, Yemm R. The orderly recruitment of human motor units during voluntary isometric contractions. J Physiol. 1973 Apr;230(2):359-70. PubMed PMID: 4350770; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1350367.
  122. Morris JN, Heady JA, Raffle PA, Roberts CG, Parks JW. Coronary heart-disease and physical activity of work. Lancet 1953;265:1111-1120.
  123. Myers J, Gullestad L, Vagelos R, Do D, Bellin D, Ross H, Fowler MB. Clinical, hemodynamic, and cardiopulmonary exercise test determinants of survival in patients referred for evaluation of heart failure. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Aug 15;129(4):286-93. PubMed PMID: 9729181.
  124. Nardone A, Romanò C, Schieppati M. Selective recruitment of high-threshold human motor units during voluntary isotonic lengthening of active muscles. J Physiol. 1989 Feb;409:451-71. PubMed PMID: 2585297; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1190454.
  125. Newham DJ, McPhail G, Mills KR, Edwards RH. Ultrastructural changes after concentric and eccentric contractions of human muscle. J Neurol Sci. 1983 Sep;61(1):109-22. PubMed PMID: 6631446.
  126. Obesity and leanness. Basic aspects. Stock, M., Rothwell, N., Author Affiliation: Dep. Physiology, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, London Univ., London, UK.
  127. Oguma Y, Sesso HD, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Lee IM. Physical activity and all cause mortality in women: a review of the evidence. Br J Sports Med. 2002 Jun;36(3):162-72. Review. PubMed PMID: 12055109; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1724493.
  128. Oliver, J. Eric. Fat Politics: The Real Story behind America’s Obesity Epidemic. New Ed ed. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 2006. Print.
  129. Opstad PK, Falch D, Oktedalen O, Fonnum F, Wergeland R. The thyroid function in young men during prolonged exercise and the effect of energy and sleep deprivation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1984 Jun;20(6):657-69.
  130. O’Reilly KP, Warhol MJ, Fielding RA, Frontera WR, Meredith CN, Evans WJ. Eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage impairs muscle glycogen repletion. J Appl Physiol. 1987 Jul;63(1):252-6. PubMed PMID: 3624128.
  131. Ostman J, Arner P, Bolinder J, Engfeldt P, Wennlund A. Regulation of lipolysis in hyperthyroidism. Int J Obes. 1981;5(6):665-70.
  132. Ostrowski, K. J., G. J. Wilson, R. Weatherby, P. W. Murphy, And A. D. Lyttle. The Effect of Strength training Volume On Hormonal Output And Muscular Size And Function. J. Strength Cond. Res. 11:148–154, 1997.
  133. Paffenbarger RS Jr, Lee IM. Intensity of physical activity related to incidence of hypertension and all-cause mortality: an epidemiological view. Blood Press Monit. 1997 Jun;2(3):115-123. PubMed PMID: 10234104.
  134. Paffenbarger RS, Hale WE. Work activity and coronary heart mortality. N Engl J Med 1975;292:545-550.
  135. Parr JJ, Yarrow JF, Garbo CM, Borsa PA. Symptomatic and functional responses to concentric-eccentric isokinetic versus eccentric-only isotonic exercise. J Athl Train. 2009 Sep-Oct;44(5):462-8. PubMed PMID: 19771283; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2742454.
  136. Perry CG, Heigenhauser GJ, Bonen A, Spriet LL. High-intensity aerobic interval training increases fat and carbohydrate metabolic capacities in human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2008 Dec;33(6):1112-23. PubMed PMID: 19088769.
  137. Piers LS, Soares MJ, McCormack LM, O’Dea K. Is there evidence for an age-related reduction in metabolic rate? J Appl Physiol. 1998 Dec;85(6):2196-204. PubMed PMID: 9843543.
  138. Pincivero, D.M., Lephart, S.M., & Karunakara, R.G. (1997). Effects of rest interval on isokinetic strength and functional performance after short term high intensity training. British Journal of Sports Medicine 31, 229-234.
  139. Poehlman ET, Mepoundy C. Resistance training and energy balance. Int J Sport Nutr. 1998 Jun;8(2):143-59. Review. PubMed PMID: 9637193.
  140. Prentice AM, Black AE, Coward WA, Cole TJ. Energy expenditure in overweight and obese adults in affluent societies: an analysis of 319 doubly-labelled water measurements. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996 Feb;50(2):93-7. PubMed PMID: 8641251.
  141. Pritzlaff CJ, Wideman L, Blumer J, Jensen M, Abbott RD, Gaesser GA, Veldhuis JD, Weltman A. Catecholamine release, growth hormone secretion, and energy expenditure during exercise vs. recovery in men. J Appl Physiol. 2000 Sep;89(3):937-46. PubMed PMID: 10956336.
  142. Pritzlaff CJ, Wideman L, Weltman JY, Abbott RD, Gutgesell ME, Hartman ML, Veldhuis JD, Weltman A. Impact of acute exercise intensity on pulsatile growth hormone release in men. J Appl Physiol. 1999 Aug;87(2):498-504. PubMed PMID: 10444604
  143. Progression and Resistance Training http://www.fitness.gov/Digest-September2005.pdf
  144. Pruves, Dale. Neuroscience, Fourth Edition. Fourth Edition ed. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, Inc., 2007. Print.
  145. Rakobowchuk M, Tanguay S, Burgomaster KA, Howarth KR, Gibala MJ, MacDonald MJ. Sprint interval and traditional endurance training induce similar improvements in peripheral arterial stiffness and flow-mediated dilation in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008 Jul;295(1):R236-42. Epub 2008 Apr 23.PubMed PMID: 18434437; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2494806.
  146. Rasmussen BB, Wolfe RR. Regulation of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle. Annu Rev Nutr. 1999;19:463-84. Review. PubMed PMID: 10448533.
  147. Reeves ND, Maganaris CN, Longo S, Narici MV. Differential adaptations to eccentric versus conventional resistance training in older humans. Exp Physiol. 2009 Jul;94(7):825-33. Epub 2009 Apr 24. PubMed PMID: 19395657.
  148. Ribeiro MO, Carvalho SD, Schultz JJ, Chiellini G, Scanlan TS, Bianco AC, Brent GA. Thyroid hormone–sympathetic interaction and adaptive thermogenesis are thyroid hormone receptor isoform–specific. J Clin Invest. 2001 Jul;108(1):97-105.
  149. Richelsen B, Sorensen NS. Alpha 2- and beta-adrenergic receptor binding and action in gluteal adipocytes from patients with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Metabolism. 1987 Nov;36(11):1031-9.
  150. Robinson, J.M., Stone, M.H., Johnson, R.L., et al. (1995). Effects of different strength training exercise/rest intervals on strength, power, and high intensity exercise endurance. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 9, 216-221.
  151. Roig M, O’Brien K, Kirk G, Murray R, McKinnon P, Shadgan B, Reid WD. The effects of eccentric versus concentric resistance training on muscle strength and mass in healthy adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2009
  152. Rolfe DF, Brown GC. Cellular energy utilization and molecular origin of standard metabolic rate in mammals. Physiol Rev. 1997 Jul;77(3):731-58. Review.
  153. Rone JK, Dons RF, Reed HL. The effect of endurance training on serum triiodothyronine kinetics in man: physical conditioning marked by enhanced thyroid hormone metabolism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1992 Oct;37(4):325-30.
  154. Rosolowska-Huszcz D. The effect of exercise training intensity on thyroid activity at rest. J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998 Sep;49(3):457-66.
  155. Saladin, Kenneth. Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. 5 ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math, 2009. Print.
  156. Sale, D.G., Jacobs, I., MacDougall, J.D., & Garner, S. (1990). Comparisons of two regimens of concurrent strength and endurance training. Medicine & Science inSports & Exercise 22, 348-356.
  157. Schrauwen P, Hesselink M. UCP2 and UCP3 in muscle controlling body metabolism. J Exp Biol. 2002 Aug;205(Pt 15):2275-85. Review.
  158. Schutz Y, Jequier E. Resting Energy Expenditure, thermic Effect of Food, and Total Energy Expenditure In: Bray GA, Couchard d, James WP, eds. Handbook of Obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997: 443-456.
  159. Seger, JY, Arvidson B, and Thorstensson A. Specific effects of eccentric and concentric training on muscle strength and morphology in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 79: 49-57, 1998.
  160. Seidel A, Heldmaier G. Thyroid hormones affect the physiological availability of nonshivering thermogenesis. Pflugers Arch. 1982 May;393(3):283-5.
  161. Sesso HD, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Lee IM. Physical activity and coronary heart disease in men: The Harvard Alumni Health Study. Circulation. 2000 Aug 29;102(9):975-80. PubMed PMID: 10961960.
  162. Silva JE. The multiple contributions of thyroid hormone to heat production. J Clin Invest. 2001 Jul;108(1):35-7.
  163. Silva JE. Thyroid hormone control of thermogenesis and energy balance. Thyroid. 1995 Dec;5(6):481-92. Review.
  164. Simoneau JA. Kelly D. Skeletal Muscle and Obesity In: Bray GA, Couchard d, James WP, eds. Handbook of Obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997: 539-553.
  165. Snyder PJ. Decreasing testosterone with increasing age: more factors, more questions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jul;93(7):2477-8. PubMed PMID: 18617703.
  166. Staley, Charles. Muscle Logic : Escalating Density Training. Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale Books, 2005. Print. Poehlman ET, Mepoundy C. Resistance training and energy balance. Int J Sport Nutr. 1998 Jun;8(2):143-59. Review. PubMed PMID: 9637193.
  167. Stárka L, Pospísilová H, Hill M. Free testosterone and free dihydrotestosterone throughout the life span of men. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2009 Aug;116(1-2):118-20. Epub 2009 May 22. PubMed PMID: 19465126.
  168. Starkey DB, Pollock ML, Ishida Y, Welsch MA, Brechue WF, Graves JE, Feigenbaum MS. Effect of resistance training volume on strength and muscle thickness. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996 Oct;28(10):1311-20. PubMed PMID: 8897390.
  169. Steele J, Fisher J, McGuff D, Bruce-Low S, Smith D. Resistance Training to Momentary Muscular Failure Improves Cardiovascular Fitness in Humans: A Review of Acute Physiological Responses and Chronic Physiological Adaptations. JEPonline 2012;15(3):53-80.
  170. Stofan JR, DiPietro L, Davis D, Kohl HW III, Blair SN. Physical activity patterns associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and reduced mortality: The Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. Am J Public Health 1998;88:1807-1813.
  171. Swain DP, Franklin BA. Comparison of cardioprotective benefits of vigorous versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise. Am J Cardiol. 2006 Jan 1;97(1):141-7. Epub 2005 Nov 16. Review. PubMed PMID: 16377300.
  172. Taaffe DR, Duret C, Wheeler S, Marcus R. Once-weekly resistance training improves muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999 Oct;47(10):1208-14. PubMed PMID: 10522954.
  173. Talanian JL, Galloway SD, Heigenhauser GJ, Bonen A, Spriet LL. Two weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training increases the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise in women. J Appl Physiol. 2007 Apr;102(4):1439-47. Epub 2006 Dec 14. PubMed PMID: 17170203.
  174. Tanasescu M, Leitzmann MF, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Exercise type and intensity in relation to coronary heart disease in men. JAMA. 2002 Oct 23-30;288(16):1994-2000. PubMed PMID: 12387651.
  175. Taubes, Gary (2010-12-28). Why We Get Fat: And What to Do About It (Kindle Locations 823-825). Random House, Inc.. Kindle Edition.
  176. Tomberlin JP, Basford JR, Schwen EE, Orte PA, Scott SC, Laughman RK, Ilstrup DM. Comparative study of isokinetic eccentric and concentric quadriceps training. J Orthop Sports Phys ther. 1991;14(1):31-6. PubMed PMID: 18796832.
  177. Tremblay A, Després JP, Leblanc C, Craig CL, Ferris B, Stephens T, Bouchard C. Effect of intensity of physical activity on body fatness and fat distribution. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990 Feb;51(2):153-7. PubMed PMID: 2305702.
  178. Tremblay A, Poehlman ET, Despres JP, Theriault G, Danforth E, Bouchard C. Endurance training with constant energy intake in identical twins: changes over time in energy expenditure and related hormones. Metabolism. 1997 May;46(5):499-503.
  179. Tremblay A, Simoneau JA, Bouchard C. Impact of exercise intensity on body fatness and skeletal muscle metabolism. Metabolism. 1994 Jul;43(7):814-8. PubMed PMID: 8028502
  180. Treuth MS, Hunter GR, Williams M. Effects of exercise intensity on 24-h energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996 Sep;28(9):1138-43. PubMed PMID: 8883001.
  181. Tsujimoto G, Hashimoto K, Hoffman BB. Effects of thyroid hormone on beta-adrenergic responsiveness of aging cardiovascular systems. Am J Physiol. 1987 Mar;252(3 Pt 2):H513-20.
  182. Tyldum GA, Schjerve IE, Tjønna AE, Kirkeby-Garstad I, Stølen TO, Richardson RS, Wisløff U. Endothelial dysfunction induced by post-prandial lipemia: complete protection afforded by high-intensity aerobic interval exercise. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Jan 13;53(2):200-6. PubMed PMID: 19130989; PubMed Central PMCID:PMC2650775.
  183. van Pelt RE, Dinneno FA, Seals DR, Jones PP. Age-related decline in RMR in physically active men: relation to exercise volume and energy intake. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Sep;281(3):E633-9. PubMed PMID: 11500320.
  184. Van Pelt RE, Jones PP, Davy KP, Desouza CA, Tanaka H, Davy BM, Seals DR. Regular exercise and the age-related decline in resting metabolic rate in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Oct;82(10):3208-12. PubMed PMID: 9329340.
  185. Vikne H, Refsnes PE, Ekmark M, Medbø JI, Gundersen V, Gundersen K. Muscular performance after concentric and eccentric exercise in trained men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006 Oct;38(10):1770-81. PubMed PMID: 17019299.
  186. W. Wescott, K. Greenberger, and D. Milius, “Strength Training Research: Sets and Repetitions,” Scholastic Coach 58 (1989): 73-84.
  187. Wang JL, Chinookoswong N, Yin S, Shi ZQ. Calorigenic actions of leptin are additive to, but not dependent on, those of thyroid hormones. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Dec;279(6):E1278-85.
  188. Wang Z, Heshka S, Zhang K, Boozer CN, Heymsfield SB. Resting energy expenditure: systematic organization and critique of prediction methods. Obes Res. 2001 May;9(5):331-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 11346676.
  189. Watkins, P.H (2010) Augmented Eccentric Loading: Theoretical and Practical Applications for the Strength and Conditioning Professional. Professional Strength and Conditioning, UKSCA Issue 17, pp4-12
  190. Wei M, Gibbons LW, Mitchell TL, Kampert JB, Lee CD, Blair SN. The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus in men. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:89-96.
  191. Wei M, Kampert JB, Barlow CE, Nichaman MZ, Gibbons LW, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Blair SN. Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men. JAMA 1999;282:1547-1553.
  192. Weigle DS, Sande KJ, Iverius PH, Monsen ER, Brunzell JD. Weight loss leads toa marked decrease in nonresting energy expenditure in ambulatory human subjects. Metabolism. 1988 Oct;37(10):930-6. PubMed PMID: 3173112.
  193. Wernbom M, Augustsson J, Thomeé R. The influence of frequency, intensity, volume and mode of strength training on whole muscle cross-sectional area in humans. Sports Med. 2007;37(3):225-64. Review. PubMed PMID: 17326698.
  194. Wesche MF, Wiersinga WM. Relation between lean body mass and thyroid volume in competition rowers before and during intensive physical training. Horm Metab Res. 2001 Jul;33(7):423-7.
  195. Whitehead, Saffron A.; Nussey, Stephen (2001). Endocrinology: an integrated approach. Oxford: BIOS. pp. 122. ISBN 1-85996-252-1.
  196. Wilcox G. Insulin and insulin resistance. Clin Biochem Rev. 2005 May;26(2):19-39. PubMed PMID: 16278749; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1204764.
  197. Williams LT, Lefkowitz RJ, Watanabe AM, Hathaway DR, Besch HR Jr. Thyroid hormone regulation of beta-adrenergic receptor number. J Biol Chem. 1977 Apr 25;252(8):2787-9.
  198. Wirth A, Holm G, Lindstedt G, Lundberg PA, Bjorntorp P. Thyroid hormones and lipolysis in physically trained rats. Metabolism. 1981 Mar;30(3):237-41.
  199. Wisløff U, Ellingsen Ø, Kemi OJ. High-intensity interval training to maximizecardiac benefits of exercise training? Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2009 Jul;37(3):139-46. Review. PubMed PMID: 19550205.
  200. Wisløff U, Nilsen TI, Drøyvold WB, Mørkved S, Slørdahl SA, Vatten LJ. A single weekly bout of exercise may reduce cardiovascular mortality: how little pain forcardiac gain? ‘The HUNT study, Norway’. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006 Oct;13(5):798-804. PubMed PMID: 17001221.
  201. Wisløff U, Støylen A, Loennechen JP, Bruvold M, Rognmo Ø, Haram PM, Tjønna AE, Helgerud J, Slørdahl SA, Lee SJ, Videm V, Bye A, Smith GL, Najjar SM, Ellingsen Ø, Skjaerpe T. Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study. Circulation. 2007 Jun 19;115(24):3086-94. Epub 2007 Jun 4. PubMed PMID: 17548726.
  202. Yeaman SJ. Hormone-sensitive lipase–new roles for an old enzyme. Biochem J. 2004 Apr 1;379(Pt 1):11-22. Review. PubMed PMID: 14725507; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1224062.